Week 4 – SS3 First Term Chemistry Notes

WEEK FOUR
TOPIC: AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS

 CONTENT
Benzene, structure, properties and Uses
Derivative of Benzene
Aromatic Hydrocarbons
These are hydrocarbons that have the same structure as benzene.

 Benzene: Benzene is a typical aromatic compound with molecular formula of C₆H₆. It has the structure of:
Preparation:-
1. From coal tar: The destructive distillation of coal produced coal tar which contain      benzene
2. From petreoleum; The dehydrogenated of alkane using valladim (v) oxide (v₂O₅) as     catalyst at 500^oC and 20 atmos give benzene
    C₆H₁₄ V₂O₂C₆H₆ + 4H₂
The process is known as catalysticreforming .
3. From polymerization of ethyne
    3 ( H – C = C – H ) C₆H₆

 Evaluation

1. Describe three (3) ways of preparing benzene.
2. Draw the structure of benzene.

 Physical properties
1.    It has a pleasant odour.
2.    It has boiling point of 80^oC.
3.    Benzene can dissolve in water.
4.    It burns with sooty flame.

 Chemical Properties
Benzene can undergo both additional reaction and substitutional reaction.

1. Additional Reaction.

i. Hydrogenaton: Benzene reduces to cyclo-hexane if hydrogen gas is passed through       finely divided mickel at 150^oC.
ii. Halogenation: In the presence of ultra-violet light, benzene reacts with halogen to       produce cyclic compound.
            C₆H₆ + 3 Cl₂ UV
         Light
2. Substitution Reaction.
NB. Benzene undergoes substitution reaction due to the presence of its single bonds.
i. Halogenation e.g Cl₂, Br₂, I₂

 
 
 
 
             + Br₂

  Benzene                Bromobenzene
ii. Nitration: This occurs in the mixture of HNO₃ and H₂SO₄ together with benzene

 
 
 
                 HNO₃      Nitrobenzene.
iii. Sulphonation:- Benzene reacts with conc, H₂SO₄ to form benzene sulphonic acid.

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 iv. Alkylation:- It involves reactions of benzene with halo-alkanes in the presence of AlCl₃.

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Uses.
1.     It is used as a solvent to dissolve organic.
2.    It is used as fuel in petrol.
3.      It is used in the manufacture of aromatic compound e.g. benzoic acid.

 Evaluation
1. State two (2) uses of benzene
2. Identify two (2) chemical properties of benzene with examples.
Derivatives of Benzene

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  Methyl benzene                 Ethyl benzene
    (toluene)

 
 
 
 
 
 
     
 
 
 
 
 
 1,2- dimethyl benzene                    1,4- dimethyl benzene

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Phenol                Nitrobenzene                Chlorobenzene

 
 
 
 
 
 Napthalene
(C₁₀H₈)

 Evaluation
1.    Give another name to the following compounds
    (a ) Phenol        (b) Toluene    
2.     State four (4) derivatives of benzene.

 READING ASSIGNMENT
New School Chemistry By .O.Y. Ababio, pg 492-494.

 WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT
1.    Which of the following is the structure of benzene

 
 
 
 
 2.    Benzene can be prepared from the following except
    (a) Coal tar        (b) petroleum        ( c) Alkanol    (d) Ethyne
3.    Benzene can undergo additional reaction due to presence of
    (a) double bonds    (b) single bonds    ( c) hydrogen ( d) carbon.
4.    Benzene undergoes the following reaction except.
    (a) substitution    (b) addiction        ( c) Hydrogenation ( d) polymerization
5.    The technique used in separating a mixture of common salt and water is
    (a) evaporation    (b) sublimation    (c) decantation (d) chromatography.

 Theory
1.    a. State two (2) uses of Benzene
    b. identify two (2) physical properties of benzene.
2.    a. How would you prepare benzene?
    b. State two (2) chemical properties of benzene.