Week 3 – Jss 2 Third Term Basic Science Lesson Notes

WEEK 3: REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH
Reproductive health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well being in all matters relating to the reproductive system, its function and its process.
It is the ability to have satisfying and sex life, capability to reproduce and freedom to decide if when and how to do so.
This refers to ensuring the optimization of the care of processes by which human beings can produce offspring.
GENECTIC COUNSELLING
Genetic counseling is the process by which parents or relatives, at risk of an inherited disorder, are advised of the consequences and the nature of the disorder, the probability of developing or transmitting it, and the options open to them in management and family planning in order to prevent or avoid it.
Genetic counseling is the process of evaluating family history and medical records, ordering genetic tests and evaluating the results of this investigation, as well as helping parents understand and reach decision about what to do next.
Genetic counseling should be done I n a safe centre as hospital where the pregnant woman will be told about sex determination of a baby and the effects of genetics on a baby’s eye, hair, skin, color, height etc. this will help people with genetic disorder make decisions about having children. It is important for intending couple to seek genetic counseling before marriage and find out if there are genetic disorders in their families.
BREAST FEEDING: The breast secrets colostrum for the first few days (after delivery) which is high in protein and believed to give the baby temporary immunity against infectious diseases. It is also import ant to note that substances ingested by the mother may be transmitted through the milk to the infant. The nursing mother must be therefore be cautious about using alcohol and other drugs.
ADVANTAGES OF BREAST FEEDING.

1. It is very cheap
2. it is readily available
3. breast milk is bat normal temperature
4. It helps the uterus or womb to go back to its normal place soon after delivery.
5. There no risk of contamination
6. It promotes the emotional connection between mother and child.

   MYTHS OF BREAST FEEDING
   The following are myths about breast feeding and should be dispelled:

   1. Processed milk is the better than breast feeding.
   2. Once you are still breast feeding, you cannot get pregnant.
   3. If you have sexual intercourse when you are breast feeding, the baby will suck sperm in the breast milk.

      MODE OF TRANSMISSION OF HIV
      Human immune-deficiency virus (HIV) has a specific transmission pattern. HIV is spread when blood, semen or vaginal secretion of an infected person comes in contact with the blood or mucus membrane (the inner lining of the vagina, anus, urethra etc.) of a healthy person. This transmission can happen in any of the following ways:

   1. By having unprotected sex with and infected person. The sexual intercourse can be:
      1. Man with man (homosexuals) – penis of an infected man into the anus of another man.
      2. Man with woman (heterosexuals) – normal gentile’s sexual intercourse.
      3. Men and woman having sexual intercourse outside the marriage.
      4. In a polygamous set up where a number of the polygamous set up is infected.
   2. Through transfusion of an HIV infected blood to an un-infested person.
   3. Through a cut by an infected unsterilized sharp instrument (like knives, razor blades, clippers etc.) during hair- cut male and female circumcisions and other related practices.
   4. Through injection with an infected needle.
   5. By sharing unsterilized injection needles as it happens in intra-Venus injection among drug addicts.
   6. By oral sex [sucking the penis or vagina of an in infected person]
   7. From an infected pregnant mother to her baby in the womb (umbilical cord) or during birth.
   8. Through HIV – infected breast milk of an infected mother to her breast feeding baby.
   9. Artificial insemination.
   10. Sharing tooth brushes and chewing sticks: this is possible when here is wound of the infected person and the healthy person.

   PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF HIV.
   The HIV epidemic continues to expand in all regions and communities.
   However, infection can be prevented by using ABC approach to safer sex and by other control measures.

1. A- abstinence: it means not engaging in any sexual behavior that would lead to sharing of body fluids. Young people reduce their risk of HIV     infection when they are able to delay their first encounter. Abstinence is safest, simplest, most effective and easiest method to prevent HIV and other STI’s.
2. B-Be faithful: faithfulness to one uninfected partner will prevent HIV infection. In polygamy, the husband and wives should remain mutually faithful.
3. C- Condom use: Regular and correct uses of condoms provide a high level of protection against HIV infection (this is not 100% safe).
4. Avoid sharing or re-using injection needles.
5. Avoid sexual intercourse with the infected partner.
6. Avoid sexual intercourse with someone known to have multiple partners.
7. Avoid sharing tooth brushes, chewing sticks, razor blades or clippers.
8. Before marriage, both partners should test their blood to make sure they are both free from HIV.
9. National mass campaign to educate everyone on the danger of HIV, how it is spread and how to avoid.

    EVALUATION:
   1.What is Genetic counseling?
   2.Mention two genetic disorders you know.
   3.What do you understand by the word breastfeeding.
   4.Mention three advantages of breastfeeding.
   5.What is the full meaning of H.I.V?
   6.List three mode of transmission and prevention of H.I.V