{"id":4093,"date":"2023-10-06T09:35:35","date_gmt":"2023-10-06T09:35:35","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/localhost\/ecole9ja\/?p=4093"},"modified":"2023-10-06T09:38:58","modified_gmt":"2023-10-06T09:38:58","slug":"week-5-ss3-second-term-physics-notes","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/ecolebooks.com\/nigeria\/posts\/week-5-ss3-second-term-physics-notes\/","title":{"rendered":"Week 5 &#8211; SS3 Second Term Physics Notes"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong>WEEK FIVE<br \/>\n<\/strong><strong>TOPIC: RADIOACTIVITY (2)<br \/>\n<\/strong><strong>CONTENTS<br \/>\n<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Artificial Transformation\n<\/li>\n<li>Nuclear Fission\n<\/li>\n<li>Nuclear Fusion\n<\/li>\n<li>Nuclear Energy\n<\/li>\n<li>Chain reaction\n<\/li>\n<li>Peaceful uses of nuclear energy.\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u00a0<strong>ARTIFICIAL TRANSFORMATION<br \/>\n<\/strong>Artificial transformation is induced in an element by irradiation (exposure to radiation) either by accident or by intent) . It was first achieved by Rutherford. An ordinary material not normally radioactive is made radioactive by bombarding it with radioactive particles e.g<br \/>\n<img decoding=\"async\" align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/ecolebooks.com\/nigeria\/wp-content\/uploads\/9jalessonsimages\/100623_0935_Week5SS3Se1.png\" alt=\"\"\/><img decoding=\"async\" align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/ecolebooks.com\/nigeria\/wp-content\/uploads\/9jalessonsimages\/100623_0935_Week5SS3Se2.png\" alt=\"\"\/>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<sup>4<\/sup><sub>2<\/sub>He + <sup>27<\/sup><br \/>\n\t\t<sub>13<\/sub>Al               <sup>30<\/sup><sub>15 <\/sub>P  + <sup>1<\/sup><sub>0<\/sub>n           <\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<strong>NUCLEAR ENERGY<br \/>\n<\/strong>The protons and neutrons (nucleons) in the nucleus of each atom are held together by very powerful nuclear forces. An enormous amount of energy is required to tear  the nucleon apart.  Enrico Fermi (1934) discovered that the nucleus can be split by bombarding it with a slow neutron.<br \/>\n<img decoding=\"async\" align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/ecolebooks.com\/nigeria\/wp-content\/uploads\/9jalessonsimages\/100623_0935_Week5SS3Se3.png\" alt=\"\"\/><br \/>\n\t\t<sup>1<\/sup><sub>0<\/sub>n + <sup>235<\/sup><sub>92<\/sub>U                   <sup>141<\/sup><sub>56<\/sub>Ba + <sup>92 <\/sup><sub>36<\/sub>Kr  + 3 <sup>1<\/sup><sub>0<\/sub>n  + energy.<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<img decoding=\"async\" align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/ecolebooks.com\/nigeria\/wp-content\/uploads\/9jalessonsimages\/100623_0935_Week5SS3Se4.jpg\" alt=\"\"\/><\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<br \/>\n\u00a0<br \/>\n\u00a0<br \/>\n\u00a0<br \/>\n\u00a0<br \/>\n\u00a0<br \/>\n\u00a0<br \/>\n\u00a0<br \/>\n\u00a0<br \/>\n\u00a0He discovered that the total mass of  the component products is less than the  mass of the original materials. The difference in mass (mass defect) is a measured of the nuclear energy released.According to Albert Einstein<br \/>\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0E = \u2206 mc2<br \/>\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0E = nuclear energy<br \/>\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u2206m = mass defect<br \/>\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0c= velocity of light ( 3.0 x 10<sup>8<\/sup>ms-1)<br \/>\n<strong>NUCLEAR FISSION<br \/>\n<\/strong><strong>This is the<\/strong><br \/>\n\t\t<strong>splitting up of the nucleus of a heavy element into two approximate equal parts with the release of a huge amount of energy and neutrons.<\/strong><br \/>\n\tFission occurs with most of the massive nuclei.   When the heavy nucleus is bombarded by slow neutron, several neutrons are produced as by \u2013products.<br \/>\n<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/ecolebooks.com\/nigeria\/wp-content\/uploads\/9jalessonsimages\/100623_0935_Week5SS3Se5.jpg\" alt=\"\"\/><\/p>\n<p>\u00a0These neutrons may cause the splitting of other nuclei, which in turn yield more neutrons which may further split other nuclei and so on.Thus a chain reaction is set in motion<br \/>\nA chain reaction is a multiplying and self maintaining reaction . When the size of the nuclei exceeds a certain critical mass, there is a rapid production of neutron accompanied by a release of tremendous amount of energy in a nuclear explosion. This is the principle of the atomic and nuclear fission bombs. It is also the process used in the present day nuclear power station .<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<strong>NUCLEAR FUSION<br \/>\n<\/strong><strong>This is a nuclear process in which two or more light nuclei combine or fuse to form a heavier nucleus with the release of a large amount of energy<\/strong> e.g.<br \/>\n<img decoding=\"async\" align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/ecolebooks.com\/nigeria\/wp-content\/uploads\/9jalessonsimages\/100623_0935_Week5SS3Se6.png\" alt=\"\"\/><sup>2<\/sup><sub>1<\/sub>H  + <sup>3<\/sup><sub>1<\/sub>H                 <sup>4<\/sup><sub>1<\/sub> He  + <sup>1<\/sup><sub>0<\/sub>n + energy<br \/>\nTo bring the two lights nuclei together in a fusion process, very high temperature of the order 10,600<sup>0<\/sup>C are required to overcome the coulomb repulsive forces between the two nuclei.<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/ecolebooks.com\/nigeria\/wp-content\/uploads\/9jalessonsimages\/100623_0935_Week5SS3Se7.jpg\" alt=\"\"\/><\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<strong>ADVANTAGES OF<\/strong><br \/>\n\t\t<strong>FUSION OVER FISSION<br \/>\n<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Fusion is more easily achieved with lightest element e,g hydrogen.\n<\/li>\n<li>The raw materials required from fusion are more readily and cheaply available\n<\/li>\n<li>Fusion process produces less dangerous by-products.\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\u00a0<strong>Peaceful uses of nuclear energy<br \/>\n<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Many nuclear power plants are now being used to generate electricity\n<\/li>\n<li>Several fission products obtained in nuclear reaction are used for radiotherapy.\n<\/li>\n<li>Radio isotopes from nuclear plants are used in agriculture as tracers and preservatives.\n<\/li>\n<li>some space crafts. Ships and submarines are powered by nuclear energy.\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\u00a0<strong>GENERAL EVALUATION<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Define the following terms (a) Conduction (b) Convection (c) Radiation\n<\/li>\n<li>With the aid of a diagram, explain how the construction of a thermos flask minimizes heat exchange with the surrounding.\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\u00a0<strong>WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT<br \/>\n<\/strong>1. \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0If a nucleus  <sup>3<\/sup><sub>1<\/sub>H decays, a nucleus of <sup>3<\/sup><sub>2<\/sub>H is formed accompanied with the emission of (a) beta particles (b) gamma particle (c) alpha particle (d) x-rays.<br \/>\n2.  \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0The count rate of radioactive substances diminishes from 600 to 150 in 60 secs. Determine the half life of the substance (a) 15 secs (b) 30 secs (c) 45 secs (d) 60secs.<br \/>\n3.   a radioactive substance half life of 20hrs. what fraction of the original radioactive nuclide will remain after 80hrs (a) 1\/32    (b) 1\/16  (c ) 1\/8 (d) 15\/16<br \/>\n4.   a material of mass 1.0X10<sup>-3<\/sup>kg undergoes fission process which decreases its mass by 0.02%. calculate the amount energy released in the process [c=3X10<sup>8<\/sup>m\/s]<br \/>\n      (A) 1.8X10<sup>20<\/sup>J (B) 1.8X10<sup>13<\/sup>J\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0(C) 1.8X10<sup>11<\/sup>J   (D) 1.8X10<sup>10<\/sup>J<br \/>\n5.   In a nuclear reaction the mass defect is 2.0X10<sup>-6<\/sup>g. Calculate the energy released, given velocity of light is  3X10<sup>8<\/sup>m\/s. (A) 9.0X10<sup>07<\/sup>J\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0(B) 1.8X10<sup>08<\/sup>J\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0(C) 1.8X10<sup>09<\/sup>J  (D) 9.0X10<sup>10<\/sup>J<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<strong>THEORY<\/strong><br \/>\n\t1.   Explain the terms nuclear fission and nuclear fusion<br \/>\n<img decoding=\"async\" align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/ecolebooks.com\/nigeria\/wp-content\/uploads\/9jalessonsimages\/100623_0935_Week5SS3Se8.png\" alt=\"\"\/>2. \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Nuclear reaction is given by the equation <sup>2 <\/sup><sub>1<\/sub>H + <sup>3<\/sup><sub>1<\/sub>H \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<sup>4<\/sup><sub>2<\/sub>H  + <sup>1<\/sup><sub>0<\/sub>n + energy<br \/>\n(a) What type of nuclear reaction is it?<br \/>\n(b) state two component in a nuclear reactor used to control chain reaction<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>WEEK FIVE TOPIC: RADIOACTIVITY (2) CONTENTS Artificial Transformation Nuclear Fission Nuclear Fusion Nuclear Energy Chain&#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1,317],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-4093","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-posts","category-second-term-ss3-physics"],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/ecolebooks.com\/nigeria\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4093","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/ecolebooks.com\/nigeria\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/ecolebooks.com\/nigeria\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ecolebooks.com\/nigeria\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ecolebooks.com\/nigeria\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=4093"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/ecolebooks.com\/nigeria\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4093\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4094,"href":"https:\/\/ecolebooks.com\/nigeria\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4093\/revisions\/4094"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/ecolebooks.com\/nigeria\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4093"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ecolebooks.com\/nigeria\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=4093"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ecolebooks.com\/nigeria\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=4093"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}