{"id":3944,"date":"2023-10-06T08:17:40","date_gmt":"2023-10-06T08:17:40","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/localhost\/ecole9ja\/?p=3944"},"modified":"2023-10-06T08:19:51","modified_gmt":"2023-10-06T08:19:51","slug":"week-6-ss3-second-term-chemistry-notes","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/ecolebooks.com\/nigeria\/posts\/week-6-ss3-second-term-chemistry-notes\/","title":{"rendered":"Week 6 &#8211; SS3 Second Term Chemistry Notes"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>\u00a0<strong>WEEK SIX<br \/>\n<\/strong><strong>TOPIC: METALS AND THEIR COMPOUND<br \/>\n<\/strong><strong>CONTENT<br \/>\n<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Aluminum\n<\/li>\n<li>Occurrence\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Aluminum can be obtained as Kaolin, Al<sub>2<\/sub>O<sub>3<\/sub>.2SiO<sub>3<\/sub>.2H<sub>2<\/sub>O, cryolite. Na<sub>3<\/sub>AlF<sub>6<\/sub>, Corundum Al<sub>2<\/sub>O<sub>3<\/sub> and mica K<sub>2<\/sub>O.Al<sub>2<\/sub>O<sub>3<\/sub>.6SiO<sub>2<\/sub>.<br \/>\nNB: the main source of aluminum is bauxite Al<sub>2<\/sub>O<sub>3<\/sub>.2H<sub>2<\/sub>O<br \/>\n<strong>Extraction<br \/>\n<\/strong>Aluminum can be found in clay and rocks, but due to their high silica content, they can not be used for extraction of aluminum. The extraction of aluminum is carried out by electrolysis of bauxite.<br \/>\nThe extraction proceeds in two stages.<\/p>\n<p>\u00a01.\u00a0<strong>Purification of Bauxite<br \/>\n<\/strong>Bauxite is first heated with caustic soda solution under pressure to form soluble sodium aluminate(III)<br \/>\n<img decoding=\"async\" align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/ecolebooks.com\/nigeria\/wp-content\/uploads\/9jalessonsimages\/100623_0817_Week6SS3Se1.png\" alt=\"\"\/>Al2O3 + 2NaOH + 3H2O \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a02NaAl(OH)4<br \/>\nThe impurities, iron III oxide and trioxosilicates (iv) can be filtered off as a sludge.<br \/>\nThe filterate contains aluminate (III) and then seeded with aluminum hydroxide crystals to induce precipitation of aluminum hydroxide.<br \/>\n<img decoding=\"async\" align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/ecolebooks.com\/nigeria\/wp-content\/uploads\/9jalessonsimages\/100623_0817_Week6SS3Se2.png\" alt=\"\"\/>NaAl(OH)<sub>4<\/sub> \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Al(OH)<sub>3<\/sub>  + NaOH<br \/>\nThe Al(OH)<sub>3<\/sub> is then filtered off, washed, dried and heated strongly to yield pure aluminium oxide or alumina while the NaOH is concentrated and used again.<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<img decoding=\"async\" align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/ecolebooks.com\/nigeria\/wp-content\/uploads\/9jalessonsimages\/100623_0817_Week6SS3Se3.png\" alt=\"\"\/>2Al(OH)<sub>3<\/sub> \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Al<sub>2<\/sub>O<sub>3<\/sub>  + 3H<sub>2<\/sub>O<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<strong>Chemistry of the Reaction<br \/>\n<\/strong>Alumina  consist of aluminum and oxygen ions<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<strong>At the Cathode<br \/>\n<\/strong>The aluminum ions gain three electrons each at the cathode to deposit as metallic aluminum.<br \/>\n<img decoding=\"async\" align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/ecolebooks.com\/nigeria\/wp-content\/uploads\/9jalessonsimages\/100623_0817_Week6SS3Se4.png\" alt=\"\"\/>Al<sup>3+<\/sup>  + 3e \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Al<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<strong>At the Anode<br \/>\n<\/strong>The oxygen ions donate two electrons each to form atomic oxygen, which then pair off to form gaseous molecules.<br \/>\n<img decoding=\"async\" align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/ecolebooks.com\/nigeria\/wp-content\/uploads\/9jalessonsimages\/100623_0817_Week6SS3Se5.png\" alt=\"\"\/>O<sup>2-<\/sup>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0O + 2e-<br \/>\n<img decoding=\"async\" align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/ecolebooks.com\/nigeria\/wp-content\/uploads\/9jalessonsimages\/100623_0817_Week6SS3Se6.png\" alt=\"\"\/>O  + O \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0O<sub>2<\/sub><br \/>\n\t\tOverall Reaction<br \/>\n<img decoding=\"async\" align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/ecolebooks.com\/nigeria\/wp-content\/uploads\/9jalessonsimages\/100623_0817_Week6SS3Se7.png\" alt=\"\"\/>4Al<sub>3<\/sub>+ 6O<sup>2-<\/sup> \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a04Al + 3O<sub>2<\/sub><\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<strong>Physical Properties<br \/>\n<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>It is silvery white solid\n<\/li>\n<li>Aluminum has density of 2.7glcm3\n<\/li>\n<li>It is very malleable and ductible\n<\/li>\n<li>It can be rolled into a foil\n<\/li>\n<li>It has melting point of 660o\n<\/li>\n<li>It is a very good conductor of  heat and electricity\n<\/li>\n<li>It has moderate tensile strength but high in alloys.\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u00a0<strong>Chemical Properties<br \/>\n<\/strong>1. Reaction with air<br \/>\n<img decoding=\"async\" align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/ecolebooks.com\/nigeria\/wp-content\/uploads\/9jalessonsimages\/100623_0817_Week6SS3Se8.png\" alt=\"\"\/>    4Al + 3O<sub>2<\/sub> \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0    2Al<sub>2<\/sub>O<sub>3<\/sub>(s)<br \/>\n<img decoding=\"async\" align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/ecolebooks.com\/nigeria\/wp-content\/uploads\/9jalessonsimages\/100623_0817_Week6SS3Se9.png\" alt=\"\"\/>    2Al + N<sub>2<\/sub> \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0     2AlN<sub>(s)<\/sub><\/p>\n<p>\u00a02. Reaction with non-metals e.g Sulphur, Nitrogen phosphorus, carbon and halogen<br \/>\n<img decoding=\"async\" align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/ecolebooks.com\/nigeria\/wp-content\/uploads\/9jalessonsimages\/100623_0817_Week6SS3Se10.png\" alt=\"\"\/>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a02Al + 3Cl<sub>2<\/sub> \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0          2AlCl<sub>3<\/sub><br \/>\n\t\t3. Reaction with Acids<br \/>\n<img decoding=\"async\" align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/ecolebooks.com\/nigeria\/wp-content\/uploads\/9jalessonsimages\/100623_0817_Week6SS3Se11.png\" alt=\"\"\/>    2Al + 6HCl  \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a02AlCl<sub>3<\/sub> + 3H<sub>2<\/sub><br \/>\n\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/ecolebooks.com\/nigeria\/wp-content\/uploads\/9jalessonsimages\/100623_0817_Week6SS3Se12.png\" alt=\"\"\/>    2Al + 6H<sub>2<\/sub>SO<sub>4<\/sub> \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Al<sub>2<\/sub>(SO<sub>4<\/sub>)<sub>2<\/sub> + 6H<sub>2<\/sub>O + 3SO<sub>2<\/sub><br \/>\n\t\tNB: Aluminum can not react with either dilute HNO<sub>3<\/sub> or conc. HNO<sub>3<\/sub> due to formation of a   \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0protective layer of aluminum oxide.<br \/>\n4.  Reaction with Alkali<br \/>\n<img decoding=\"async\" align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/ecolebooks.com\/nigeria\/wp-content\/uploads\/9jalessonsimages\/100623_0817_Week6SS3Se13.png\" alt=\"\"\/>   \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 2Al + 2NaOH  + 6H<sub>2<\/sub>O \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0  2NaAl(OH)<sub>4<\/sub>  + 3H<sub>2<\/sub><\/p>\n<p>\u00a05.  Reaction with iron III oxide<br \/>\n<img decoding=\"async\" align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/ecolebooks.com\/nigeria\/wp-content\/uploads\/9jalessonsimages\/100623_0817_Week6SS3Se14.png\" alt=\"\"\/>      2Al + Fe<sub>2<\/sub>O<sub>3<\/sub> \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Al<sub>2<\/sub>O<sub>3<\/sub> + 2 F<sub>3.<\/sub><\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<strong>Test for Aluminum Ions<br \/>\n<\/strong>Add drops of sodium hydroxide solution to the unknown salt solution. Formation of a white  \u00a0\u00a0gelatinous precipitate which dissolve in an excess of sodium hydroxide solution indicates \u00a0\u00a0the presence of aluminum ions.<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0Add a few drops of aqueous NH<sub>3<\/sub> solution to the unknown salt solution. The formation of \u00a0\u00a0white gelatinous precipitate which dissolve in excess of aqueous NH3 confirms the \u00a0\u00a0presence of aluminum ion .<br \/>\n<img decoding=\"async\" align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/ecolebooks.com\/nigeria\/wp-content\/uploads\/9jalessonsimages\/100623_0817_Week6SS3Se15.png\" alt=\"\"\/>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0   \u00a0Al<sup>3+<\/sup>  + 3OH<sup>&#8211;<\/sup>  \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Al(OH)<sub>3<\/sub><\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<strong>USES<br \/>\n<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Aluminium is used in making cooking utensil\n<\/li>\n<li>It is sued in making overhead electric cables\n<\/li>\n<li>It is used in making alloys e.g duralumin\n<\/li>\n<li>Aluminium powder suspended in oil is used in paints mirrors and cars.\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\u00a0<strong>Iron<br \/>\n<\/strong><strong>Occurences<br \/>\n<\/strong>Iron is usually found as haematite, Fe<sub>2<\/sub>O<sub>3<\/sub>, magnetite Fe<sub>3<\/sub>O<sub>4<\/sub>, iron pyrites, FeS<sub>2<\/sub>, siderite or spathic iron ore FeCO<sub>3<\/sub> and limonite Fe<sub>2<\/sub>O<sub>3<\/sub>.H<sub>2<\/sub>O.<br \/>\nIron is the second most abundant metal in the earth&#8217;s crust after aluminium. It is also present in clay haemoglobin and chlorophyll in plants.<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<strong>Extraction<br \/>\n<\/strong>The iron e.g haematite is first roasted in air to produce iron (III) oxide.<br \/>\nThe iron (III) oxide is then mixed with coke and lime stone and heated to a very high temperature in a blast furnace.<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<img decoding=\"async\" align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/ecolebooks.com\/nigeria\/wp-content\/uploads\/9jalessonsimages\/100623_0817_Week6SS3Se16.png\" alt=\"\"\/>In the lower part of the furnace, the white hot coke is oxidized by the oxygen in the hot air to liberate carbon (Iv) oxide. C + O<sub>2 <\/sub>         CO<sub>2<\/sub>.<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0The CO<sub>2<\/sub> change to carbon(ii) oxide at the top of the furnace and then react with iron (III) oxide and reduce it to iron<br \/>\n<img decoding=\"async\" align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/ecolebooks.com\/nigeria\/wp-content\/uploads\/9jalessonsimages\/100623_0817_Week6SS3Se17.png\" alt=\"\"\/>Fe<sub>2<\/sub>O<sub>3<\/sub> + 3CO        2F<sub>3<\/sub> + 3CO<sub>2<\/sub><\/p>\n<p>\u00a0The limestone present decomposes at high temperature to yield calcium oxide, which then combine with the silicon(Iv) oxide, impurity, to form calcium trioxosilicate (iv)<br \/>\n<img decoding=\"async\" align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/ecolebooks.com\/nigeria\/wp-content\/uploads\/9jalessonsimages\/100623_0817_Week6SS3Se18.png\" alt=\"\"\/>Ca CO<sub>3<\/sub>           CaO + CO<sub>2<\/sub><br \/>\n\t\tSiO<sub>2<\/sub> + CaO + CaSiO<sub>3<\/sub><br \/>\n\t\tThe molten iron sinks to the bottom of the furnace and is tapped off. It is run into moulds where it sets as pig iron.<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<strong>Physical Properties<br \/>\n<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Iron is silvery solid with luster\n<\/li>\n<li>It has relative density of 7.9\n<\/li>\n<li>It is very ductile\n<\/li>\n<li>It has high tensile strength\n<\/li>\n<li>It has melting point of 1530oC\n<\/li>\n<li>It is good conductor of heat and electricity\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>NB: It can be magnetized easily.<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<strong>Chemical Properties<br \/>\n<\/strong>Reaction with Air<br \/>\n<img decoding=\"async\" align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/ecolebooks.com\/nigeria\/wp-content\/uploads\/9jalessonsimages\/100623_0817_Week6SS3Se19.png\" alt=\"\"\/>  4Fe + 3O<sub>2 <\/sub>+ 2xH<sub>2<\/sub>O           2Fe<sub>2<\/sub>O<sub>3<\/sub>.X<sub>H2<\/sub>O<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0Reaction with steam<br \/>\n   3Fe + 4H<sub>2<\/sub>O         Fe<sub>3<\/sub>O<sub>4<\/sub> + 4H<sub>2<\/sub><\/p>\n<p>\u00a0Reaction with non-metals e.g sulphur, chlorine,<br \/>\n<img decoding=\"async\" align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/ecolebooks.com\/nigeria\/wp-content\/uploads\/9jalessonsimages\/100623_0817_Week6SS3Se20.png\" alt=\"\"\/> 2Fe + eCl<sub>2<\/sub> \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 2FeCl<sub>3<\/sub><br \/>\n\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/ecolebooks.com\/nigeria\/wp-content\/uploads\/9jalessonsimages\/100623_0817_Week6SS3Se21.png\" alt=\"\"\/>   Fe + S \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0FeS<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0Reaction with Acid<br \/>\n<img decoding=\"async\" align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/ecolebooks.com\/nigeria\/wp-content\/uploads\/9jalessonsimages\/100623_0817_Week6SS3Se22.png\" alt=\"\"\/>Fe + H<sub>2<\/sub>SO<sub>4<\/sub> \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0FeSO<sub>4<\/sub> + H<sub>2<\/sub><br \/>\n\t\tNB: No reaction is observed when conc. HNO<sub>3<\/sub> is added to iron.<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<strong>Uses<br \/>\n<\/strong><strong>NB:<\/strong> Fe<sup>2+<\/sup> is used as confirmatory  test for oxidizing agent in the laboratory.<br \/>\nCast iron is used for making objects which do not require high tensile strength e.g stove, cookers, lamp post radiator etc<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0Cast iron is used for making nails, chains, iron rods, and sheets of iron, agricultural implements etc.<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<strong>GENERAL EVALUATION<br \/>\n<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>What is the main source of Aluminium in nature?\n<\/li>\n<li>Using a diagram and equations, explain how pure Aluminium is extracted from the above source.\n<\/li>\n<li>With the aid of a diagram and the equation of the reaction, show how you would mend a broken iron rod by the thermit process.\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\u00a0<strong>READING ASSIGNMENT<br \/>\n<\/strong>New School Chemistry by Osei Yaw Ababio, pages 442 \u2013 478.<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>\n<div>Aluminium reacts readily with all common mineral acids except\n<\/div>\n<p>A. HNO<sub>3<\/sub> B. HCl  C. H<sub>2<\/sub>SO<sub>4<\/sub> D. H<sub>3<\/sub>PO<sub>4<\/sub>\n\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n<li>\n<div>The great affinity of aluminium for oxygen at high temperatures is employed in the\n<\/div>\n<p>A. electrolytic process  B. thermit process  C. Haber process  D. lead chamber process\n<\/li>\n<li>Aluminium materials should not be exposed to alkalis because aluminium is A. basic B. acidic  C. an oxidizing agent  D. a reducing agent\n<\/li>\n<li>Wrought iron is the    A. purest form of iron B. most brittle form of iron C. most impure D. form of iron containing no carbon\n<\/li>\n<li>Which one is the most common iron ore? A. Magnetite B. Haematite C. Carnallite D. Dolomite\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\u00a0<strong>THEORY<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>(a)\u00a0Write the electronic configuration of iron?\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>  \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0(b)\u00a0Iron forms the iron(II) ion, Fe<sup>2+<\/sup> and the iron(III) ion, Fe<sup>3+<\/sup>. <\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Write the electronic configurations of these ions.\n<\/li>\n<li>Which of them is more stable?\n<\/li>\n<li>Give reason for your answer.\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ol>\n<li>Explain why iron but not aluminium corrode easily on exposure to air despite the fact that aluminium is above iron in the electrochemical series.\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\t\t\u00a0<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u00a0WEEK SIX TOPIC: METALS AND THEIR COMPOUND CONTENT Aluminum Occurrence Aluminum can be obtained as&#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1,307],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-3944","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-posts","category-second-term-ss3-chemistry"],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/ecolebooks.com\/nigeria\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3944","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/ecolebooks.com\/nigeria\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/ecolebooks.com\/nigeria\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ecolebooks.com\/nigeria\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ecolebooks.com\/nigeria\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3944"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/ecolebooks.com\/nigeria\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3944\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3945,"href":"https:\/\/ecolebooks.com\/nigeria\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3944\/revisions\/3945"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/ecolebooks.com\/nigeria\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3944"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ecolebooks.com\/nigeria\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=3944"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ecolebooks.com\/nigeria\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=3944"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}