{"id":3935,"date":"2023-10-06T08:14:32","date_gmt":"2023-10-06T08:14:32","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/localhost\/ecole9ja\/?p=3935"},"modified":"2023-10-06T08:19:51","modified_gmt":"2023-10-06T08:19:51","slug":"week-2-ss3-second-term-chemistry-notes","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/ecolebooks.com\/nigeria\/posts\/week-2-ss3-second-term-chemistry-notes\/","title":{"rendered":"Week 2 &#8211; SS3 Second Term Chemistry Notes"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong>WEEK TWO<br \/>\n<\/strong><strong>TOPIC: NUCLEAR REACTIONS<br \/>\n<\/strong><strong>CONTENT<br \/>\n<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Nuclear Fusion and Nuclear Fission with Example\n<\/li>\n<li>Effects and Application of Radioactivity\n<\/li>\n<li>Comparison of Nuclear Reaction and Ordinary Chemical Reactions\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u00a0<strong>Nuclear Reaction<br \/>\n<\/strong>This is the spontaneous emission of radiation that involves the nuclei of radioactive element.<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<strong>Nuclear Fusion<br \/>\n<\/strong>This is the process in which two or more light nuclei of elements combine together to form a heavier nucleus with release of both energy and radiation.<br \/>\nThis process is used to produce hydrogen bomb, it is also believed to be the source of energy of the sun and stars.<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<strong>Nuclear Fission<br \/>\n<\/strong>This is the process in which the nucleus of a heavy element is split into two nuclei of nearly equal mass with a release of energy and radiation. The process is used to produce atomic bomb.<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<strong>EVALUATION<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Write short notes about\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol>\n<li>Nuclear fission\n<\/li>\n<li>Nuclear fusion\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul>\n<li>What is the principle of atomic bomb.\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u00a0<strong>Effect of Radioactivity<br \/>\n<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>It causes changes in cell structure and body chemistry\n<\/li>\n<li>It leads to anemia, cancer, leukemia and genetic mutations, even death\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>The thick blocks of lead, iron and high density concrete can be used to get shielded from the harmful effect of radioactive rays.<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<br \/>\n\t\t\t<strong>Application of Radioactivity<br \/>\n<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>sterilization\n<\/li>\n<li>medical uses\n<\/li>\n<li>industrial uses\n<\/li>\n<li>agricultural uses\n<\/li>\n<li>as radioactive tracers\n<\/li>\n<li>used for dating techniques\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u00a0<img decoding=\"async\" align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/ecolebooks.com\/nigeria\/wp-content\/uploads\/9jalessonsimages\/100623_0814_Week2SS3Se1.png\" alt=\"\"\/><strong>Differences Between Nuclear Reaction and Chemical Reactions<br \/>\n<\/strong><img decoding=\"async\" align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/ecolebooks.com\/nigeria\/wp-content\/uploads\/9jalessonsimages\/100623_0814_Week2SS3Se2.png\" alt=\"\"\/><strong>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Nuclear Reaction\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0             Chemical Reaction<br \/>\n<\/strong>1.  Release large amount of energy\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0  \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Release little amount of energy when  \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0compared to that of nuclear reaction<br \/>\n<img decoding=\"async\" align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/ecolebooks.com\/nigeria\/wp-content\/uploads\/9jalessonsimages\/100623_0814_Week2SS3Se3.png\" alt=\"\"\/>2.  It involves nuclei of atoms of radioactive \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0It revolves the outer most electrons of<br \/>\n<img decoding=\"async\" align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/ecolebooks.com\/nigeria\/wp-content\/uploads\/9jalessonsimages\/100623_0814_Week2SS3Se4.png\" alt=\"\"\/>     elements \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0atoms.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<br \/>\n3. This produces different elements\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0The compound produces contain the same \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0type of element from the reactants.<br \/>\n<img decoding=\"async\" align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/ecolebooks.com\/nigeria\/wp-content\/uploads\/9jalessonsimages\/100623_0814_Week2SS3Se5.png\" alt=\"\"\/>4.  It produces radiation\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0No radiation produce<br \/>\n<img decoding=\"async\" align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/ecolebooks.com\/nigeria\/wp-content\/uploads\/9jalessonsimages\/100623_0814_Week2SS3Se6.png\" alt=\"\"\/><img decoding=\"async\" align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/ecolebooks.com\/nigeria\/wp-content\/uploads\/9jalessonsimages\/100623_0814_Week2SS3Se7.png\" alt=\"\"\/>5. Temperature and pressure have no effect \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Both temperature and pressure have<br \/>\n    on chemical reaction\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0efects on chemical reaction<br \/>\n<img decoding=\"async\" align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/ecolebooks.com\/nigeria\/wp-content\/uploads\/9jalessonsimages\/100623_0814_Week2SS3Se8.png\" alt=\"\"\/><br \/>\n\t\t<strong>Artificial Transmutation<br \/>\n<\/strong>This is the process of transmutation of an element by bombarding it with fast moving atomic particles e.g neutrons, protons, deuterons and alpha particles.<br \/>\n<img decoding=\"async\" align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/ecolebooks.com\/nigeria\/wp-content\/uploads\/9jalessonsimages\/100623_0814_Week2SS3Se9.png\" alt=\"\"\/>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<sup>14<\/sup><sub>7<\/sub>N   + <sup>1<\/sup><sub>0<\/sub>n  \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<sup>14<\/sup><sub>6<\/sub>C  + <sup>1<\/sup><sub>1<\/sub>P<br \/>\nN.B: If the nucleus being bombarded is heavy it captures the neutron to produce an isotope of the original element<br \/>\n<img decoding=\"async\" align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/ecolebooks.com\/nigeria\/wp-content\/uploads\/9jalessonsimages\/100623_0814_Week2SS3Se10.png\" alt=\"\"\/><br \/>\n\t\t\t<sup>59<\/sup><sub>27<\/sub>Co    +   <sup>1<\/sup><sub>0<\/sub>n  \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0      <sup>60<\/sup><sub>27<\/sub>C<sub>O<\/sub><\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<strong>Binding Energy<br \/>\n<\/strong>If mathematical calculations is carried out between the parent  nucleus and daughter nuclei together with neutrons and protons on either nuclear fussion or nuclear fission, it will be found that the values are differed.<br \/>\nThe loss of mass is known as mass defect and can be accounted for by Albert Einsteins theory of relativity.<br \/>\n                     E = MC<sup>2<\/sup><br \/>\n\t\tE is energy in joule (j)<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<strong>Radioactive Disintegration<br \/>\n<\/strong>This is the process by which radioactive elements decay spontaneously to release radiation.<br \/>\nDuring this process, there is usually transmutation of an atom . That is formation of daughter nucleus from the disintegrating nucleus.<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<strong>Alpha Decay<br \/>\n<\/strong>When an atom losses \u03ac particles during disintegration, the atomic number and atomic mass of the atoms is reduced by 2 and 4 respectively.  This can be represented as<br \/>\n<img decoding=\"async\" align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/ecolebooks.com\/nigeria\/wp-content\/uploads\/9jalessonsimages\/100623_0814_Week2SS3Se11.png\" alt=\"\"\/><br \/>\n\t\t\t<sup>A<\/sup><sub>Z<\/sub>K  \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <sup>A-4 <\/sup><sub>Z-2<\/sub>L    +  <sup>4<\/sup><br \/>\n\t\t\t<sub>2<\/sub>He<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<img decoding=\"async\" align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/ecolebooks.com\/nigeria\/wp-content\/uploads\/9jalessonsimages\/100623_0814_Week2SS3Se12.png\" alt=\"\"\/>                         e.g   <sup>238<\/sup> U                   <sup>235<\/sup>Th    +  <sup>4 <\/sup><sub>2<\/sub>He<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<strong>Beta Decay<br \/>\n<\/strong>During beta decay the atomic number of the atom increases by one unit, but the atomic mass number remains unaltered.<br \/>\n<img decoding=\"async\" align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/ecolebooks.com\/nigeria\/wp-content\/uploads\/9jalessonsimages\/100623_0814_Week2SS3Se13.png\" alt=\"\"\/><br \/>\n\t\t\t<sup>A<\/sup>K    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<sub>(2+1)<\/sub>L   <sub><br \/>\n\t\t\t<\/sub>+ <sub>-1<\/sub> e <\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<img decoding=\"async\" align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/ecolebooks.com\/nigeria\/wp-content\/uploads\/9jalessonsimages\/100623_0814_Week2SS3Se14.png\" alt=\"\"\/><br \/>\n\t\t\t<sup>234<\/sup>Th                   <sup>234<\/sup>Pa  + <sub>-1<\/sub> e<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<strong>Gamma Decay<br \/>\n<\/strong>Gamma rays usually accompany the emission of either alpha or beta particles e.g<br \/>\n<img decoding=\"async\" align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/ecolebooks.com\/nigeria\/wp-content\/uploads\/9jalessonsimages\/100623_0814_Week2SS3Se15.png\" alt=\"\"\/><br \/>\n\t\t\t<sup>234<\/sup> Th\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <sup>234<\/sup>Pa   + <sub>-1<\/sub>e + y <\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<strong>Radioactive Decay Series<br \/>\n<\/strong>Sometimes, if the nuclei of the new elements produced during radioactive decay is not stable, the disintegration continue until a stable nucleus is finally produced e.g. Uranium series, the thorium series and the actinium series.<br \/>\nM is the loss in mass in kilogram (kg) and C is the velocity of light in ms-1<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<strong>GENERAL EVALUATION<br \/>\n<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Define the following with an example each (a)  Nuclear Fission       (b) Nuclear Fusion\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div>(a) State two effects of radioactivity.\n<\/div>\n<p>(b) State two differences between nuclear reaction and chemical reaction.\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\u00a0<strong>READING ASSIGNMENT<br \/>\n<\/strong>New School Chemistry by O. Y. Ababio pages 304-310.<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<strong>WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT<br \/>\n<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Examples of radioactive elements are except (a) Uranium (b) Polonium (c) Thorium (d) Oxygen\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div><sup>235 <\/sup><sub>92<\/sub>U   + <sup>1<\/sup>n \u2192  <sup>141  <\/sup><sub>56<\/sub>Ba +  <sup>92 <\/sup><sub>36<\/sub>Kr  + 3 <sup>1 <\/sup><sub>0<\/sub>n\n<\/div>\n<p>The above nuclear reaction represents (a) nuclear fission (b) nuclear fusion (c) oxidation reaction (d) esterification reaction.\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div><img decoding=\"async\" align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/ecolebooks.com\/nigeria\/wp-content\/uploads\/9jalessonsimages\/100623_0814_Week2SS3Se16.png\" alt=\"\"\/><sup>238 <\/sup><sub>92<\/sub>U  \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0           <sup>234 <\/sup><sub>90<\/sub>Th  +   A.    In the equation, A represents (a) hydrogen (b) beryllium\n<\/div>\n<p>(c) helium (d) oxygen\n<\/li>\n<li>Chain reaction helps during the preparation of ____ (a) Solar bomb (b) atomic bomb (c) hydrogen bomb (d) nuclear fusion\n<\/li>\n<li><img decoding=\"async\" align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/ecolebooks.com\/nigeria\/wp-content\/uploads\/9jalessonsimages\/100623_0814_Week2SS3Se17.png\" alt=\"\"\/><sup>23 <\/sup><sub>11<\/sub>Na  + <sub>0<\/sub><sup>1<\/sup>n          <sup>24<\/sup><sub>11<\/sub>Na The reaction represents (a) artificial radioactivity (b) Natural radioactivity (c) Nuclear fission (d) Binding energy.\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\u00a0<strong>THEORY<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Explain briefly the principle of the operation of a nuclear power plant\n<\/li>\n<li>State five (5) uses of radioactivity\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\t\t\u00a0<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>WEEK TWO TOPIC: NUCLEAR REACTIONS CONTENT Nuclear Fusion and Nuclear Fission with Example Effects and&#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1,307],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-3935","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-posts","category-second-term-ss3-chemistry"],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/ecolebooks.com\/nigeria\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3935","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/ecolebooks.com\/nigeria\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/ecolebooks.com\/nigeria\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ecolebooks.com\/nigeria\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ecolebooks.com\/nigeria\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3935"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/ecolebooks.com\/nigeria\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3935\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3936,"href":"https:\/\/ecolebooks.com\/nigeria\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3935\/revisions\/3936"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/ecolebooks.com\/nigeria\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3935"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ecolebooks.com\/nigeria\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=3935"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ecolebooks.com\/nigeria\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=3935"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}