{"id":3696,"date":"2023-10-05T18:20:58","date_gmt":"2023-10-05T18:20:58","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/localhost\/ecole9ja\/?p=3696"},"modified":"2023-10-05T18:22:46","modified_gmt":"2023-10-05T18:22:46","slug":"week-8-ss3-first-term-chemistry-notes","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/ecolebooks.com\/nigeria\/posts\/week-8-ss3-first-term-chemistry-notes\/","title":{"rendered":"Week 8 – SS3 First Term Chemistry Notes"},"content":{"rendered":"

WEEK EIGHT
\n<\/strong>TOPIC<\/strong>: NATURAL AND SYNTHETIC POLYMERS.<\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n

\u00a0Polymerisation (addition and condensation) plastics.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0
\nThermosplastic and thermosetting polymers, resins.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0
\nPolymer is the final product, macromolecule of high molecular mars. It consists of a repeating units and its general molecular formula may be represented as [repeating units]n<\/sub> where n is a very large whole number.<\/p>\n

\u00a0N.B:-\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0All polymers are macromolecules, but not all macromolecule but it is not polymeric.<\/p>\n

\u00a0NATURAL POLYMERS:
\n<\/strong>These are organic compounds which can be found in living thing e.g. carbohydrates like starch and cellulose and all proteins fats and oils are not large enough to be grouped as giant molecule or polymer.<\/p>\n

\u00a0SYNTHETIC POLYMERS
\n<\/strong>These are called plastics e.g. nylon polythene etc.<\/p>\n

\u00a0EVALUATION
\n<\/strong>1. State a difference between natural polymers and synthetic polymer with example each.
\n2. What is another name for synthetic polymer?<\/p>\n

\u00a0POLYMERIZATION
\n<\/strong>This is the process whereby two or more monomers link\/join together to form a compound of
\nhigh molecular mass.<\/p>\n

\u00a0TYPES OF POLYMERIZATION
\n<\/strong>1. Addition polymerization:-<\/strong> these occur when two or more of the same monomers join together \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0to form the polymer without elimination of any small molecules.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n

\u00a0CHARACTERISTICS OF MONOMER
\n<\/strong>–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0It must be simple.
\n–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Unsaturated
\n–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0There should be double bonds between the carbon atom.
\n\"\"\/e.g.n[CH2<\/sub>CH2 <\/sub>]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u2026\u2026..CH2<\/sub>CH2<\/sub>[CH2<\/sub>CH2<\/sub>]n<\/sub>CH2<\/sub>CH2<\/sub>\u2026\u2026<\/p>\n

\u00a02.\u00a0\u00a0CONDENSATION POLYMERIZATION<\/strong>:- This is process whereby two or more smaller
\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 molecule (monomers) join together to form a giant molecule (polymer) with elimination of \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0trace\/small molecule such as waters ammonia, hydrogen chloride.<\/p>\n

\u00a0TYPES OF CONDENSATION POLYMERIZATION
\n<\/strong>I.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0COPOLYMER <\/strong>:- This is formed from two condensing monomers of different types.
\nII.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0HOMOPOLYMER <\/strong>:- It is formed from monomers of the same type.<\/p>\n

\u00a0CONDITIONS NECESSARY FOR POLYMERIZATION
\n<\/strong>–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0High temperature
\n–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0High pressure
\n–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Presence of catalyst (initiator) e.g. oxygen, hydrogen peroxide.<\/p>\n

\u00a0EVALUATION
\n<\/strong><\/p>\n

    \n
  1. State two conditions necessary for polymerization of ethane to from polythene.\n<\/li>\n
  2. Mention one difference between additional polymerization and condensation polymensation.\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    \u00a0PLASTICS
    \n<\/strong>Plastics are synthetic which can be heated or pressured to form any shape.<\/p>\n

    \u00a0THERMOPLASTIC
    \n<\/strong>Thermoplastics are type of synthetic materials which can be heated and remoulded to any shape e.g. nylon, polythene, polypropene, Perspex etc.<\/p>\n

    \u00a0THERMOSETS
    \n<\/strong>Thermosets, on the other hands cannot be softened or melted by heat and remoulded once they are formed e.g. uera-methanal, bakelite.<\/p>\n

    \u00a0 Thermoplastics and thermosets
    \n<\/strong><\/p>\n

    \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
    Thermoplastics<\/strong><\/td>\n Thermosets<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    Polythene<\/td>\nBakelite<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    Polypropene<\/td>\nUrea-methanal<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    Polystyrene<\/td>\n\u00a0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    Nylon<\/td>\n\u00a0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    Terylene<\/td>\n\u00a0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    Perspex<\/td>\n\u00a0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n

    \u00a0RESINS
    \n<\/strong>This is obtained from the rubber tree. The fluid obtained from the tree can be heated and changed to elastic solid known as rubber. The rubber consists of 2-methyl but-1, 3- diene monomers known as isoprene.
    \n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0CH3<\/sub>
    \n\t\t nCH2<\/sub> =\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 C\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0CH =\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 CH2<\/sub>
    \n\t\t 2 \u2013 methylbuta -1, 3-diene.
    \nVULCANIZATION:
    \n<\/strong>This is the process of heating natural rubber with sulphur to give rubber a greater tensile, strength, durability and elasticity over a wide range of temperature.<\/p>\n

    \u00a0SYNTHETIC RUBBER:
    \n<\/strong>Examples of synthetic rubbers are poly 2-chlorobuta -1,3diene, styrenebutadiene rubber (SBR), poly bute -1, 3- diene and poly 2-methyl propene.<\/p>\n

    \u00a0EVALUATION
    \n<\/strong><\/p>\n

      \n
    1. What is resin?\n<\/li>\n
    2. State two (2) differences between thermoplastic and thermoset.\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

      \u00a0READING ASSIGNMENT<\/strong>
      \n\t\tNew School Chemistry by O.Y. Ababio pages 523-531
      \n\t\t\t<\/strong>
      \n\u00a0WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT
      \n<\/strong>1. The following are examples of small molecules based during polymerization process.
      \n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0A. acid\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 B. HCl\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 C.H2<\/sub>O\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 D. NH3<\/sub>
      \n\t\t2. Polymerisation of ethane produces \u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026
      \n A. Perspex B. isoprene\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 C. polythene\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 D. ammonia
      \n3.\u00a0Bakelite is a good example of \u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026..
      \n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0A. natural rubber B. thermoset C. thermoplastic D. additional polymerization
      \n4.\u00a0Starch and cellulose are good examples of \u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026
      \n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0A. polythene\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0B. natural polymer\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0C. \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0synthetic polymer D. food
      \n5.\u00a0\u00a0Joining together of smaller molecules to form a giant molecule is called \u2026\u2026\u2026..
      \n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0process.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0A. hydrogenation B. saponification C. esterification D. polymerization\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n

      \u00a0THEORY<\/strong>
      \n\t\t1\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 (a)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0What are the conditions necessary for polymerization.
      \n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 (b)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0List two types of polymerization.
      \n2\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 (a)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Write an equation for the preparation of polythene from ethane.
      \n (b)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0What are the monomer present in the following:
      \n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0polythene
      \n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0polyvinyl\/chloride
      \n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0polytetrafluoro ethane
      \n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0polypropene<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

      WEEK EIGHT TOPIC: NATURAL AND SYNTHETIC POLYMERS.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0Polymerisation (addition and condensation) plastics.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Thermosplastic and thermosetting…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1,288],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-3696","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-posts","category-first-term-ss3-chemistry"],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/ecolebooks.com\/nigeria\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3696","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/ecolebooks.com\/nigeria\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/ecolebooks.com\/nigeria\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ecolebooks.com\/nigeria\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ecolebooks.com\/nigeria\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3696"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/ecolebooks.com\/nigeria\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3696\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3697,"href":"https:\/\/ecolebooks.com\/nigeria\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3696\/revisions\/3697"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/ecolebooks.com\/nigeria\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3696"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ecolebooks.com\/nigeria\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=3696"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ecolebooks.com\/nigeria\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=3696"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}