{"id":3692,"date":"2023-10-05T18:20:04","date_gmt":"2023-10-05T18:20:04","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/localhost\/ecole9ja\/?p=3692"},"modified":"2023-10-05T18:22:46","modified_gmt":"2023-10-05T18:22:46","slug":"week-6-ss3-first-term-chemistry-notes","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/ecolebooks.com\/nigeria\/posts\/week-6-ss3-first-term-chemistry-notes\/","title":{"rendered":"Week 6 – SS3 First Term Chemistry Notes"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u00a0TOPIC: ALKANOIC ACIDS
\n<\/strong>
\n\u00a0CONTENT<\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0
\nSources
\n Nomenclature
\n Structure
\n Preparation
\nProperties and Uses <\/p>\n

\u00a0ALKANOATES<\/strong>
\n\t\t General molecular formula, nomenclature, preparation, properties and uses.<\/p>\n

\u00a0SOURCES<\/strong>:
\nThe alkanoic acid or carboxylic acids are also called fatty acids because some of them are found in natural fats and oils. They contain the functional group called carboxy group.<\/p>\n

\u00a0NOMENCLATURE:
\n<\/strong>The IUPAC name of each homologue is obtained by changing the “-e” endind of the corresponding alkane to “-oic” acid e.g. mathanoic, ethanoic etc.<\/p>\n

\u00a0STRUCTURE<\/strong>:
\nAlkanoic acid has a general molecular fomular of CnH2<\/sub>n + 1COOH where n > 0. or RCOOH. Thus it has the following structure.
\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0O
\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 RC\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0
\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 OH<\/p>\n

\u00a0E.g.Ethanoic acid CH3<\/sub>COOH
\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0H\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0
\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 O
\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0H\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0C C<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0H OH
\nPREPARATION e.g.Ethanoic acid
\nEthanoic acid can be prepared by the complete oxidation of ethanol by acidified sodium heptaoxo dichromate (VI) solution. The oxidation reaction is a two stages of reaction
\nI.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Ethanol oxidized to ethanol; CH3<\/sub>CH2<\/sub>OH\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 O3<\/sub>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 CH3<\/sub>CHO<\/p>\n

\u00a0\"\"\/II.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Ethanol oxidized to ethanoic acid; CH3<\/sub>CHO\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 O3<\/sub>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 CH3<\/sub>COOH
\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Or
\n\"\"\/\"\"\/\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0CH3<\/sub>CH2<\/sub>OH + [O]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 CH3<\/sub>CHO +\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 [O]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 CH3<\/sub>COOH
\nPHYSICAL PROPERTIES
\n<\/strong>1.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0It is colourless liquid with a sharp and pungent smell.
\n2.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0It has sour taste.
\n3.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0It is soluble in water.
\n4.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0It freezes into ice-like at temperature below 170<\/sup>C therefore called gluciaethanoic acid (anhydrous ethanoic acid).
\n5.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0It has boiling point of 1180<\/sup>C
\n6.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0It turns blue litmus papers to red.<\/p>\n

\u00a0CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
\n<\/strong>\"\"\/1.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0It libratescarbon(IV) oxide from either trioxocarbonate (IV) or hydrogen trioxocarbonate (IV) salts. 2CH3<\/sub>COOH + Na2<\/sub>CO3<\/sub>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 2CH3<\/sub>CONa + H2<\/sub>O + CO2<\/sub>.
\n2.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0It librates hydrogen gas when it reacts with highly electropositive metals e.g.
\n\"\"\/Mg &Ca; 2CH3<\/sub>COOH + Ca\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 (CH3<\/sub>COO)2<\/sub>Ca + H2<\/sub>.
\n3.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0As an acid, it neutralizes boxes or alkalis to form salts known as ethanoate and water only
\n\"\"\/CH3<\/sub>COOH + NaOH\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 CH3<\/sub>COONa + H2<\/sub>O.
\n\"\"\/4.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0It reacts with alkanols to form ester e.g. CH3<\/sub>COOH + CH3<\/sub>CH2<\/sub>OH CH3<\/sub>COOCH2<\/sub>CH3<\/sub> + H2<\/sub>O
\n5.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Reduction:
\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0It can be reduced to ethanol in the presence of lithiumtetrahydridoaluminate III as
\nreducing agent (LiAlH4<\/sub>)
\n\"\"\/\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0CH3<\/sub>COOH + 4H CH3<\/sub>CH2<\/sub>OH + H2<\/sub>O
\n6.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0It reacts with chlorme successively to form chloroethanoic acid e.g.
\n\"\"\/\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0CH3<\/sub>COOH + Cl2<\/sub>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 CH2<\/sub>Cl<\/sub>COOH + HCl
\n\"\"\/\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0CH2<\/sub>ClCOOH + Cl2<\/sub>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 CHCl2 <\/sub>COOH +HCl
\n\"\"\/\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0CHCl2 <\/sub>COOH + Cl2<\/sub>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 CCl3<\/sub>COOH + HCl<\/p>\n

\u00a0EVALUATION
\n<\/strong>1.\u00a0(a) State four (4) chemical properties of ethanoic acid.
\n(b) Give two (2) physical properties of ethanoic acid.
\n2. How would you prepare ethanoic acid in the laboratory.<\/p>\n

\u00a0CLASSIFICATION OF ALKANOIC ACID
\n<\/strong>Alkanoic acids are classified based on the number of carbonxylic groups present per molecules.<\/p>\n

    \n
  1. Monocarboxylic Acids: these have one carboxylic group per molecule e.g.\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    methanoic acid (HCOOH)<\/p>\n

    \u00a0 O
    \n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0
    \n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0H\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0C\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0
    \n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 OH<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Ethanoic acid CH3<\/sub> COOH<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0H
    \n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 O
    \n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0H\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0C\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0C
    \n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0
    \n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0H\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 OH
    \n2.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Dicarboxylic Acids: these have two carboxyl groups per molecules e.g. ethan -1, 2-dioe acid
    \n (oxalic acid)
    \n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0COOH\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0O\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0O
    \n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0or\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 C\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0C
    \n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0COOH\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 HO OH \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n

    \u00a03.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Tricarboxylic acids: these have 3 carboxylic acid per molecule e.g. 2-hydroxy propan 1,2, 3-
    \ntricaboxylic acid.
    \n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0H
    \n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0H\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0C\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0COOH
    \n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0HO\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0C\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0COOH
    \n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0H\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0C\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0COOH
    \n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0H
    \nN.B:\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Two important aromatic caborxylicacid are
    \n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0(1)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Benzoic acid<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0
    \n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0(2)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a02-hydroxy benzoic acid<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0
    \nUSES OF ETHANOIC ACID<\/strong>
    \n\t\t1.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0It is used in making compounds like cellulose ethanoate, dyes etc.
    \n2.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0It is used as organic solvent.
    \n3.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0It is used in the food industries for preserving and flavoring food.
    \n4.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Used for coagulating rubber latex.<\/p>\n

    \u00a0EVALUATION
    \n<\/strong>1.\u00a0Give three (3) classes of alkanoic acid.
    \n2.\u00a0State four (4) uses of ethanoic acid.<\/p>\n

    \u00a0READING ASSIGNMENT
    \n<\/strong>New School Chemistry by O.Y. pages.504-506<\/p>\n

    \u00a0ALKANOATES
    \n<\/strong>General molecular formula.
    \nThe alkanoates are called esters. They have general molecular formula of RCOOR’.
    \nIt has structural formula of
    \n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 O
    \nR C
    \n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 OR
    \ne.gethylethanoate CH3<\/sub>COOCH2<\/sub>CH3<\/sub>
    \n\t\tNOMENCLATURE
    \n<\/strong>Naming of alkanoates are obtained by substituting “e” ending in alkane with “oates” in
    \nalkanoates.
    \nPreparation e.g. ethyl ethanoate .
    \nEthyl ethanoate is prepared by the esterification between ethanol and glaciusethanoic acid at 1500<\/sup>C in the presence of concentrated tetraoxosulphate (VI) acid
    \n\"\"\/C2<\/sub>H5<\/sub>OH + CH3<\/sub>COOH\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0CH3<\/sub>COOC2<\/sub>H5<\/sub> + H2<\/sub>O<\/p>\n

    \u00a0PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    \n<\/strong>1. Ethyl ethanoate is a colourles volatile liquid with a pleasant smell.
    \n2. It is slightly soluble in water.
    \n3..It has boiling point of 750<\/sup>C.<\/p>\n

    \u00a0CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
    \n<\/strong>1. \u00a0Hydrolysis<\/strong>.
    \nEthyl ethanoate can be hydrolysed by water to produce ethanoic acid and ethanol.
    \n\"\"\/CH3<\/sub>COOC2<\/sub>H5<\/sub> + H2<\/sub>O\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 CH3<\/sub>COOH + C2<\/sub>H5<\/sub>OH.<\/p>\n

    \u00a0N.B<\/strong>:If an alkali is used instead of water, it will produce the salt of the acid e.g.
    \n CH3<\/sub>COOC2<\/sub>H5<\/sub> + NaOH CH3<\/sub>COONa + C2<\/sub>H5<\/sub>OH<\/p>\n

    \u00a02.\u00a0REACTION WITH AMMONIA<\/strong>
    \n\t\tEthyl ethanoate reacts with ammonia to produce ethanol and thenamide
    \n\"\"\/CH3<\/sub>COOC2<\/sub>H3<\/sub> + NH3<\/sub>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 C2<\/sub>H5<\/sub>OH + CH3<\/sub>COOH2<\/sub><\/p>\n

    \u00a03.\u00a0REDUCTION<\/strong>
    \n\t\t\"\"\/Ethyl ethanoate can be reduced by hydrogen from lithium tetrahydridoalluminute (III) as reducing agent\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 CH3<\/sub>COOC2<\/sub>H5<\/sub> + 4[H] \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 2C2<\/sub>H5<\/sub>OH<\/p>\n

    \u00a0USES OF ALKANOATES\/ESTE<\/strong>RS
    \n– They are used as food flavours.
    \n– Used in perfumes and cosmetics
    \n– Used as solvent for cellulose nitrate .
    \n– Used for quick-drying substances like paints, nail varnishes etc.<\/p>\n

    \u00a0EVALUATION
    \n<\/strong>1.Write the general structure of the ester.
    \n2.Write a balanced equation for the reaction between propanol and butanoic acid.
    \n (a)\u00a0Name the products formed.
    \n (b)\u00a0What type of reaction is involved.<\/p>\n

    \u00a0READING ASSIGNMENT<\/strong>
    \n\t\tNew School Chemistry by Osei Yaw Ababio page.504-509<\/p>\n

    \u00a0WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT
    \n<\/strong>1.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0The name of (CH3<\/sub>)2<\/sub> CHCOOH is
    \n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0A. Propane acid B. 2-methylhutanoic acid C.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Dimethyl butanoic acid
    \n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0D.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Propanoic acid
    \n2.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Citric acid appears in unripe orange while enthanwie acid appears in
    \n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0A. Unripe pawpaw B. Carrot C. Vineger D. Rice
    \n3.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Esters are employed in the following except.
    \n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0A. Making perfumes B. Making cement C. Nail varnishes D. Making yeast
    \n4.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0An alkanoic acid reacts reversibly with an alkanol to produce.
    \nA. a salt B. an ester\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 C. a sugar\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0D. an alkene
    \n5.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Ethan-1, 2-dioe acid is
    \n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0A. a mineral acid B. dicarboxylic acid C. citric acid D. a soap<\/p>\n

    \u00a0THEORY
    \n<\/strong>1a.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Give the formula of ethanoic acid and indicate its functional group.<\/p>\n

      \n
    1. Ethanoic acid reacts with both sodium hydroxide and ethanol, suing equations to comparethe reactions and classify the products.\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

      2a.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Ethylethanoate reacts with both water and alkali; using equation to compare the reaction.
      \n b.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0What happens when ethanoic acid is heated strongly with soda-line.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

      \u00a0TOPIC: ALKANOIC ACIDS \u00a0CONTENT\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Sources Nomenclature Structure Preparation Properties and Uses \u00a0ALKANOATES General molecular formula,…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1,288],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-3692","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-posts","category-first-term-ss3-chemistry"],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/ecolebooks.com\/nigeria\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3692","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/ecolebooks.com\/nigeria\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/ecolebooks.com\/nigeria\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ecolebooks.com\/nigeria\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ecolebooks.com\/nigeria\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3692"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/ecolebooks.com\/nigeria\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3692\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3693,"href":"https:\/\/ecolebooks.com\/nigeria\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3692\/revisions\/3693"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/ecolebooks.com\/nigeria\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3692"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ecolebooks.com\/nigeria\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=3692"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ecolebooks.com\/nigeria\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=3692"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}