{"id":3690,"date":"2023-10-05T18:19:38","date_gmt":"2023-10-05T18:19:38","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/localhost\/ecole9ja\/?p=3690"},"modified":"2023-10-05T18:22:47","modified_gmt":"2023-10-05T18:22:47","slug":"week-5-ss3-first-term-chemistry-notes","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/ecolebooks.com\/nigeria\/posts\/week-5-ss3-first-term-chemistry-notes\/","title":{"rendered":"Week 5 – SS3 First Term Chemistry Notes"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u00a0TOPIC: ALKANOLS
\n<\/strong>
\n\u00a0CONTENT<\/strong>
\n\t\t-Source
\n-General molecular formula
\n-Nomenclature
\n– Classification
\n-Types, Preparation, Properties and Uses.<\/p>\n

\u00a0Test for Alkanols
\n<\/strong>SOURCES OF ALKANOLS
\n<\/strong>–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/strong>From destructive distillation wood.
\n–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0From starchy food and sugar<\/p>\n

\u00a0General molecular formular
\n<\/strong>Alkanol is a homologous series with general molecular formular of Cn<\/sub> H2n+1<\/sub>OH or ROH.
\nOr (Cn<\/sub>H2n+2<\/sub>O).<\/p>\n

\u00a0Nomenclature:
\n<\/strong>The names of alkanols are obtained by substituting “e” in alkanes with “Ol” in alkanol e.g. methanol
\n(CH3<\/sub>OH), ethanol (CH3<\/sub>CH2<\/sub>OH).<\/p>\n

\u00a0Classification
\n<\/strong>The alkanols are classified based on the number of alkyl groups directly linked to the carbon atom
\nholding the hydroxyl group.
\n1. Primary alkanols<\/strong> (10<\/sup>): It has only one alkyl group attached to the carbon atom that carries the
\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0hydroxyl group e.g. \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 H
\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 R –\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0C OH
\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0H
\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0OR
\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0H\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0H\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0H
\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 H \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0C\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0C OH\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 or\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 H C OH
\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0H\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0H\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0H\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0
\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Ethanol\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Methanol
\nII. Secondary alkanols<\/strong> (20<\/sup>):- They have 2 alkyl groups directly linked with the carbon atom holding the hydroxyl group e.g.
\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0
\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0H\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0H\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0H\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0H
\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0H\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0C\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0C\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0C\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0H \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0or\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0R\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0C\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0R1<\/sup>
\n\t\t\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0H\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0OH\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0H\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0OH
\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Propan – 2-ol
\nIII. Tertiary alkanols<\/strong> (30 <\/sup>): the alkanols here have 3 alkyl groups attached to the carbon atom holding the hydroxyl group
\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0CH3<\/sub>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0R1<\/sup><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0CH3<\/sub>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0C\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0CH3<\/sub>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 or\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0R\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0C\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0OH<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0OH\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0R11<\/sup>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0
\n 2 \u2013 methylpropan -2 \u2013ol
\nThe R1<\/sup>, R11<\/sup> are alkyl groups which may be the same or not.
\nN.B:\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Examine the structure of the alkanol, identify the carbon atom bonded to the \u2013OH, count the number of alkyl groups that are directly attached to the carbon atom. Then you can say whether it is 10<\/sup>, 20<\/sup> or 30<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

\u00a0EVALUATION
\n<\/strong>1.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Name the functional group in the alkanol.
\n2.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Give an example each by writing the structure and names of the classes of alkanols.<\/p>\n

\u00a0Types of alkanol
\n<\/strong>The type of alkanols is determined by the number of the hydroxyl group \u2013OH, present in the molecule.<\/p>\n

\u00a01.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0MONOHYDRIC ALKANOLS<\/strong>: This type has only one \u2013OH, present in its molecule
\ne.g. C2<\/sub>H5<\/sub>OH, C3<\/sub>H7<\/sub>OH e.t.c.
\n2.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0DIHYDRIC ALKANOLS<\/strong>: This type has two of \u2013OH group per molecule e.g.
\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0H\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0H<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0H\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0C\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0OH\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0H\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0C\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0OH<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0H\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0C\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0OH\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0H\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0C\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0H<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0H\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0H\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0C\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0OH
\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0
\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0H
\nEthan -1, 2- diol\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Propan 1, 3-diol<\/p>\n

    \n
  1. POLYHYDRIC ALKANOLS<\/strong>: This type has three or more. OH groups per molecule e.g. glycerol.\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    H\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0H<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0H\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0C\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0OH\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0H\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0C\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0OH<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0H\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0C\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0OH\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0H\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0C\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0OH<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0H\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0C\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0OH\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0H\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0C\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0OH<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0H\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0H\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0C\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0OH
    \n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0
    \n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0H\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0C\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0OH<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0H\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0C OH<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0H
    \nPREPARATION<\/strong> e.g. ethanol<\/p>\n

    \u00a01.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Laboratory preparation
    \n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Hydrolyzing ethyl esters with hot alkali
    \n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Reducing ethanol with nascent hydrogen<\/p>\n

    \u00a02.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Commercial preparation
    \n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0From ethene
    \nEthene is obtained by the cracking of petroleum. It is then absorbed in 95% H2<\/sub>SO4 at 800<\/sup>C and
    \n30 atoms to form C2<\/sub>H5<\/sub>HSO4
    \nC2<\/sub>H4 <\/sub> + H2<\/sub>SO4<\/sub>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0C2<\/sub>H3<\/sub>HSO4<\/sub>
    \n\t\t\"\"\/The C2<\/sub>H3<\/sub>HSO4<\/sub> is bedded in water to produce ethanol; C2<\/sub>H3<\/sub>HSO4 + H2<\/sub>O\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 C2<\/sub>H3<\/sub>OH + H2<\/sub>SO4<\/sub>.<\/p>\n

    \u00a0The ethanol is distilled off leaving the acid behind which can be used again.
    \n-Preparation by fermentation ethanol is prepared industrially from raw materials containing
    \nstarch or sugar by the process of fermentation.
    \n-The fermentation is an enzymatic process which involves the decomposition of large organic
    \nmolecules to simple molecule by micro-organism.
    \n-The common micro-organism used is YEAST <\/p>\n

    \u00a0EVALUATION<\/strong>
    \n\t\t1.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Name three (3) types of alkanol and give one example each.
    \n2.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0State two methods by which ethanol can be prepared industrially.
    \nPRODUCTION OF ETHANOL FROM STARCHY MATERIALS<\/strong>
    \n\t\t(e.g. rice, potatoes, maize etc)
    \nThe following steps are involved;<\/p>\n

      \n
    • Crush and pressure cook the starchy materials.\n<\/li>\n
    • Extract the starch granules by mixing with water.\n<\/li>\n
    • Allow the starch granules to settle and decant\n<\/li>\n
    • Treat the starch granules with malt (a partially germinated barley which contains the enzyme, DIASTASE) at 500<\/sup>C for I hour.\n<\/li>\n
    • The starch is then converted to MALTOSE. 2(C6<\/sub>H10<\/sub>O5<\/sub>)n + nH2<\/sub>O\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 nC12<\/sub>H22<\/sub>O11<\/sub>\n\t\t\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

      Then add yeast at room temperature for some time (at least one day). Yeast contains two enzymes,
      \nnamely MALTASE and ZYMASE. Maltase converts maltose to two glucose units, while zymase converts the glucose to ethanol and carbon (iv) oxide.
      \nC12<\/sub>H22<\/sub>O11<\/sub> + H2<\/sub>O maltase<\/sup> 2C6<\/sub>H12<\/sub>O6<\/sub>
      \n\t\tC6<\/sub> H12<\/sub> O6<\/sub>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Zymase<\/sup>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 2C2<\/sub>H3<\/sub>OH + CO2<\/sub>
      \n\t\t\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Ethanol
      \nEVALUATION
      \n<\/strong>1.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Describe fully, the production of ethanol from a named starchy material\/food.
      \n2.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0What type of chemical reaction is involved in fermentation of sugar?<\/p>\n

      \u00a0PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
      \n<\/strong>1.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Ethanol is a colourless volatile liquid.
      \n2.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0It is soluble in water.
      \n3.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0It has boiling point of 780<\/sup>C.
      \n4.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0It has no action on litmus paper.<\/p>\n

      \u00a0CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
      \n<\/strong>1.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Combustion: the lower members of alkanols burn with clean flames in plenty air
      \n\"\"\/\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a02CH3<\/sub>OH + 3O2<\/sub>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 2CO2<\/sub>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a04 <\/sub>+H2<\/sub>O
      \n2.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Oxidation
      \n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0The products of oxidation depend on the structure of the alkanol.
      \n–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Primary alkanols are oxidized to alkanol first and then to alkanoic acid in the presence of oxidizing agent e.g KNnO4<\/sub>
      \n\t\t\"\"\/\"\"\/\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0CH3<\/sub>CH2<\/sub>OH \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0O<\/sup>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0CH3<\/sub>CHO\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0O<\/sup>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0CH3<\/sub>COOH
      \n–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Secondary alkanols oxidize to ketone e.g.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0
      \n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0R\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0R<\/p>\n

      \u00a0\"\"\/R\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0C\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0OH\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 [O]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 R\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0C = O + H2<\/sub>O<\/p>\n

      \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0H\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n

      \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0CH3<\/sub>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0CH3<\/sub><\/p>\n

      \u00a0CH3<\/sub>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0C\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0OH\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 [O ]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 CH3<\/sub>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 C = O + H2<\/sub>O
      \n\"\"\/
      \n\t\t\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0H
      \nPropon-2-ol\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0propanone<\/p>\n

      \u00a0–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Tertiary alkanols are not oxidized because there is no carbon-hydrogen bond to be broken for the oxidation to take place.<\/p>\n

      \u00a0N.B:\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Note the colour change of oxidizing agent if acidified.
      \n–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Purple KMnO4<\/sub> changes to colourless.
      \n–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Orange K2<\/sub>Cr2<\/sub>O7<\/sub> turns green.<\/p>\n

      \u00a03.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Esterification<\/strong>
      \n\t\tThis is the reversible reaction between alkanol and alkanoic and to produce ester. The reaction is catalysed by conc H2<\/sub>SO4<\/sub> e.g. CH3<\/sub>CH2<\/sub>OH + CH2<\/sub>COOCH2<\/sub>CH3<\/sub> + H2<\/sub>O<\/p>\n

      \u00a04.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Dehydration<\/strong>
      \n\t\t\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Alkanols are dehydrated to alkenes in the presence of conc H2<\/sub>SO4<\/sub>
      \n\t\t\"\"\/e.g. CH3<\/sub>CH2<\/sub>OH + conc H2<\/sub>SO4<\/sub>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0CH3<\/sub>CH2<\/sub>HSO4<\/sub> + H2<\/sub>O
      \nCH3<\/sub>CH2<\/sub>HSO4170 C<\/sub>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0C2<\/sub>H4<\/sub> + H2<\/sub>SO4
      \n<\/sub>
      \n\u00a05.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Reaction with sodium and potassium
      \n<\/strong>sodium and potassium react vigorously with alkanols to liberate hydrogen gas and form corresponding organic salt of sodium and potassium.
      \nE.g.2C2<\/sub>H3<\/sub>OH + Na\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 2C2<\/sub>H3<\/sub>ONa + H2<\/sub>
      \n\t\t\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0N.B: If sodium ethoxide reacts with water, it hydrolyses to ethanol and alkaline solution of NaOH.
      \n6.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Reactions with the chlorides of phophorus<\/strong>: Ethanol reacts vigorously with PCl5<\/sub> in the cold
      \n\"\"\/to produce time of HCl and chloroethanevapour C2<\/sub>H5<\/sub>OH + PCl5<\/sub> C2<\/sub>H3<\/sub>Cl + POCl3 <\/sub> + HCl
      \n\"\"\/\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0-PCl3<\/sub> gives a similar reaction, but less vigorous C2<\/sub>H5<\/sub>OH + PCL3<\/sub>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 3C2<\/sub>H5<\/sub>Cl + H3<\/sub>PO3<\/sub>.<\/p>\n

      \u00a0USES OF ETHANOL
      \n<\/strong>1.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0It is used as organic solvent
      \n2.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0It is the main constituent of methylated spirit used to clean wounds and to dissolve paint.
      \n3.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0It is used as petrol addictive for use as fuel in vehicles.
      \n4.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Used to manufacture other chemicals such as ethanol and ethanoic acid.
      \n5.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0It is used as ingredient in making alcoholic drinks e.g. beers, wines and spirits.
      \n6.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0It is used as anti-freeze in automobile radiator because of its low freezing point (-1170<\/sup>C).<\/p>\n

      \u00a0TEST FOR ALKANOLS
      \n<\/strong>–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0It librates hydrogen gas on reacting with sodium methal.
      \n–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0It changes to alkanoic acid (primary alkanol) on exposure to air or reacting with oxidizing agent.<\/p>\n

      \u00a0EVALUATION
      \n<\/strong>1.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0State five (5) chemical properties of ethanol.
      \n2a.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Identify two (2) physical properties of ethanol
      \n b.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0State two (2) uses of alkannol.<\/p>\n

      \u00a0READING ASSIGNMENT
      \n<\/strong>–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0New School Chemistry By O.Y. Osei Yaw Ababio pages 496-501<\/p>\n

      \u00a0WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT
      \n<\/strong>1.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0The functional groups of the alkanol is
      \n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0A. CnH2n + 1<\/sub> OH B. carboxylic group C. hydroxyl group D. CnH2n+ 2<\/sub>
      \n\t\t2.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Primary alkanols are oxidized to carbonylic acid, secondary alkanols are oxidized to alkanones while tertiary alkanols are A. oxidized to alkanols B. oxidized to alkanones C. not oxidized D. oxidized to alkene
      \n3.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0The soluble of alkanols in water is due to
      \n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0A. the covalent nature B. hydrogen bonding C. their low melting point
      \nD. their low melting point
      \n4.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0When acidified KMnO4 is used as oxidizing agent for alkanol, the colour change observed is
      \n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0A. yellow to red B. purple to colourless C. orange to green D. white to black
      \n5.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Which of the following enzymes converts glucose to ethanol?
      \n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0A. maltose\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0B. zymase\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0C. diastase\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0D. amylase<\/p>\n

      \u00a0THEORY
      \n<\/strong>1(a)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Write the structural formula of two named secondary alkanols.
      \n (b)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Explain the structural difference between primary and tertiary alkanols.
      \n2(a)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0What is fermentation?
      \n (b)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Describe the preparation of ethanol from table sugar.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

      \u00a0TOPIC: ALKANOLS \u00a0CONTENT -Source -General molecular formula -Nomenclature – Classification -Types, Preparation, Properties and Uses….<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1,288],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-3690","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-posts","category-first-term-ss3-chemistry"],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/ecolebooks.com\/nigeria\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3690","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/ecolebooks.com\/nigeria\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/ecolebooks.com\/nigeria\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ecolebooks.com\/nigeria\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ecolebooks.com\/nigeria\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3690"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/ecolebooks.com\/nigeria\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3690\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3691,"href":"https:\/\/ecolebooks.com\/nigeria\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3690\/revisions\/3691"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/ecolebooks.com\/nigeria\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3690"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ecolebooks.com\/nigeria\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=3690"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ecolebooks.com\/nigeria\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=3690"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}