{"id":3368,"date":"2023-10-05T08:02:18","date_gmt":"2023-10-05T08:02:18","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/localhost\/ecole9ja\/?p=3368"},"modified":"2023-10-05T08:03:51","modified_gmt":"2023-10-05T08:03:51","slug":"week-9-ss2-third-term-chemistry-notes","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/ecolebooks.com\/nigeria\/posts\/week-9-ss2-third-term-chemistry-notes\/","title":{"rendered":"Week 9 &#8211; SS2 Third Term Chemistry Notes"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>\u00a0<strong>WEEK NINE<br \/>\n<\/strong><strong>TOPIC: ALKANOLS<br \/>\n<\/strong><strong>CONTENT<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Types and Classes\n<\/li>\n<li>Industrial Production by Fermentation\n<\/li>\n<li>Properties and Uses\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Alkanols is a homologous series with general molecular formula of C<sub>n<\/sub>H<sub>2n+1<\/sub>OH or ROH.<br \/>\nThe functional group in alkanols is the hydroxyl (-OH) group. <\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<strong>NOMENCLATURE:<br \/>\n<\/strong>The names of alkanols are obtained by substituting &#8220;e&#8221; in alkanes with &#8220;ol&#8221;.<br \/>\nExample:<br \/>\nMethanol &#8211; CH<sub>3<\/sub>OH, Ethanol &#8211; CH<sub>3<\/sub>CH<sub>2<\/sub>OH<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<strong>CLASSIFICATION<br \/>\n<\/strong>The alkanols are classified based on the number of alkyl groups directly linked to the carbon atom carrying the hydroxyl group.<br \/>\n1. \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<strong>Primary alkanols<\/strong> (1<sup>0<\/sup>):  It has only one alkyl group attached to the carbon atom that carries the\u00a0hydroxyl group. Example  \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<br \/>\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0H\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0H\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0H<br \/>\n<img decoding=\"async\" align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/ecolebooks.com\/nigeria\/wp-content\/uploads\/9jalessonsimages\/100523_0802_Week9SS2Th1.png\" alt=\"\"\/><img decoding=\"async\" align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/ecolebooks.com\/nigeria\/wp-content\/uploads\/9jalessonsimages\/100523_0802_Week9SS2Th2.png\" alt=\"\"\/><img decoding=\"async\" align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/ecolebooks.com\/nigeria\/wp-content\/uploads\/9jalessonsimages\/100523_0802_Week9SS2Th3.png\" alt=\"\"\/><br \/>\n\t<img decoding=\"async\" align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/ecolebooks.com\/nigeria\/wp-content\/uploads\/9jalessonsimages\/100523_0802_Week9SS2Th4.png\" alt=\"\"\/><img decoding=\"async\" align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/ecolebooks.com\/nigeria\/wp-content\/uploads\/9jalessonsimages\/100523_0802_Week9SS2Th5.png\" alt=\"\"\/><img decoding=\"async\" align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/ecolebooks.com\/nigeria\/wp-content\/uploads\/9jalessonsimages\/100523_0802_Week9SS2Th6.png\" alt=\"\"\/><img decoding=\"async\" align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/ecolebooks.com\/nigeria\/wp-content\/uploads\/9jalessonsimages\/100523_0802_Week9SS2Th7.png\" alt=\"\"\/><img decoding=\"async\" align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/ecolebooks.com\/nigeria\/wp-content\/uploads\/9jalessonsimages\/100523_0802_Week9SS2Th8.png\" alt=\"\"\/>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0    H \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0C\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0C   OH\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0     H    C   OH<br \/>\n<img decoding=\"async\" align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/ecolebooks.com\/nigeria\/wp-content\/uploads\/9jalessonsimages\/100523_0802_Week9SS2Th9.png\" alt=\"\"\/><img decoding=\"async\" align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/ecolebooks.com\/nigeria\/wp-content\/uploads\/9jalessonsimages\/100523_0802_Week9SS2Th10.png\" alt=\"\"\/><img decoding=\"async\" align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/ecolebooks.com\/nigeria\/wp-content\/uploads\/9jalessonsimages\/100523_0802_Week9SS2Th11.png\" alt=\"\"\/><br \/>\n\t\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0H\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0H\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0H\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<br \/>\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0      Ethanol\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0      Methanol<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>\n<div><strong>Secondary alkanols<\/strong> (2<sup>0<\/sup>):  They have two alkyl groups directly linked with the carbon atom carrying the hydroxyl group. Example\n<\/div>\n<p>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0H\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0H\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0H\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<br \/>\n<img decoding=\"async\" align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/ecolebooks.com\/nigeria\/wp-content\/uploads\/9jalessonsimages\/100523_0802_Week9SS2Th12.png\" alt=\"\"\/><img decoding=\"async\" align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/ecolebooks.com\/nigeria\/wp-content\/uploads\/9jalessonsimages\/100523_0802_Week9SS2Th13.png\" alt=\"\"\/><img decoding=\"async\" align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/ecolebooks.com\/nigeria\/wp-content\/uploads\/9jalessonsimages\/100523_0802_Week9SS2Th14.png\" alt=\"\"\/><br \/>\n\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/ecolebooks.com\/nigeria\/wp-content\/uploads\/9jalessonsimages\/100523_0802_Week9SS2Th15.png\" alt=\"\"\/><img decoding=\"async\" align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/ecolebooks.com\/nigeria\/wp-content\/uploads\/9jalessonsimages\/100523_0802_Week9SS2Th16.png\" alt=\"\"\/><img decoding=\"async\" align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/ecolebooks.com\/nigeria\/wp-content\/uploads\/9jalessonsimages\/100523_0802_Week9SS2Th17.png\" alt=\"\"\/><img decoding=\"async\" align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/ecolebooks.com\/nigeria\/wp-content\/uploads\/9jalessonsimages\/100523_0802_Week9SS2Th18.png\" alt=\"\"\/>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0HC\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0C\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0C\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0H  \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<br \/>\n<img decoding=\"async\" align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/ecolebooks.com\/nigeria\/wp-content\/uploads\/9jalessonsimages\/100523_0802_Week9SS2Th19.png\" alt=\"\"\/><img decoding=\"async\" align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/ecolebooks.com\/nigeria\/wp-content\/uploads\/9jalessonsimages\/100523_0802_Week9SS2Th20.png\" alt=\"\"\/><img decoding=\"async\" align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/ecolebooks.com\/nigeria\/wp-content\/uploads\/9jalessonsimages\/100523_0802_Week9SS2Th21.png\" alt=\"\"\/><br \/>\n\t\t\t\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0H\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0OH\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0H\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<br \/>\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Propan &#8211; 2- ol\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>Tertiary alkanols<\/strong> (3<sup>0 <\/sup>): The alkanols here have three alkyl groups attached to the carbon atom holding the hydroxyl group\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0CH<sub>3<\/sub>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<br \/>\n<img decoding=\"async\" align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/ecolebooks.com\/nigeria\/wp-content\/uploads\/9jalessonsimages\/100523_0802_Week9SS2Th22.png\" alt=\"\"\/><br \/>\n\t<img decoding=\"async\" align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/ecolebooks.com\/nigeria\/wp-content\/uploads\/9jalessonsimages\/100523_0802_Week9SS2Th23.png\" alt=\"\"\/><img decoding=\"async\" align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/ecolebooks.com\/nigeria\/wp-content\/uploads\/9jalessonsimages\/100523_0802_Week9SS2Th24.png\" alt=\"\"\/>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0CH<sub>3<\/sub>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0C     CH<sub>3<\/sub>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<br \/>\n<img decoding=\"async\" align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/ecolebooks.com\/nigeria\/wp-content\/uploads\/9jalessonsimages\/100523_0802_Week9SS2Th25.png\" alt=\"\"\/><br \/>\n\t\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0OH\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<br \/>\n                            2 \u2013 methylpropan -2 \u2013ol<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<strong>TYPES OF ALKANOLS<br \/>\n<\/strong>The type of alkanols is determined by the number of the hydroxyl group \u2013OH, present in the molecule.<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>\n<div><strong>Monohydric alkanols<\/strong>:  This type has only one hydroxyl(\u2013OH), present in its molecule.\n<\/div>\n<p>Example: C<sub>2<\/sub>H<sub>5<\/sub>OH, C<sub>3<\/sub>H<sub>7<\/sub>OH.\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>Dihydric alkanols<\/strong>:  This type has two of hydroxyl group per molecule.\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0H\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0H<br \/>\n<img decoding=\"async\" align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/ecolebooks.com\/nigeria\/wp-content\/uploads\/9jalessonsimages\/100523_0802_Week9SS2Th26.png\" alt=\"\"\/><img decoding=\"async\" align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/ecolebooks.com\/nigeria\/wp-content\/uploads\/9jalessonsimages\/100523_0802_Week9SS2Th27.png\" alt=\"\"\/><br \/>\n\t<img decoding=\"async\" align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/ecolebooks.com\/nigeria\/wp-content\/uploads\/9jalessonsimages\/100523_0802_Week9SS2Th28.png\" alt=\"\"\/><img decoding=\"async\" align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/ecolebooks.com\/nigeria\/wp-content\/uploads\/9jalessonsimages\/100523_0802_Week9SS2Th29.png\" alt=\"\"\/><img decoding=\"async\" align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/ecolebooks.com\/nigeria\/wp-content\/uploads\/9jalessonsimages\/100523_0802_Week9SS2Th30.png\" alt=\"\"\/><img decoding=\"async\" align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/ecolebooks.com\/nigeria\/wp-content\/uploads\/9jalessonsimages\/100523_0802_Week9SS2Th31.png\" alt=\"\"\/>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0H\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0C\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0OH\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0H\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0C\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0OH<br \/>\n<img decoding=\"async\" align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/ecolebooks.com\/nigeria\/wp-content\/uploads\/9jalessonsimages\/100523_0802_Week9SS2Th32.png\" alt=\"\"\/><img decoding=\"async\" align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/ecolebooks.com\/nigeria\/wp-content\/uploads\/9jalessonsimages\/100523_0802_Week9SS2Th33.png\" alt=\"\"\/><br \/>\n\t<img decoding=\"async\" align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/ecolebooks.com\/nigeria\/wp-content\/uploads\/9jalessonsimages\/100523_0802_Week9SS2Th34.png\" alt=\"\"\/><img decoding=\"async\" align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/ecolebooks.com\/nigeria\/wp-content\/uploads\/9jalessonsimages\/100523_0802_Week9SS2Th35.png\" alt=\"\"\/><img decoding=\"async\" align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/ecolebooks.com\/nigeria\/wp-content\/uploads\/9jalessonsimages\/100523_0802_Week9SS2Th36.png\" alt=\"\"\/><img decoding=\"async\" align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/ecolebooks.com\/nigeria\/wp-content\/uploads\/9jalessonsimages\/100523_0802_Week9SS2Th37.png\" alt=\"\"\/>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0H\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0C\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0OH\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0H\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0C\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0H<br \/>\n<img decoding=\"async\" align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/ecolebooks.com\/nigeria\/wp-content\/uploads\/9jalessonsimages\/100523_0802_Week9SS2Th38.png\" alt=\"\"\/><img decoding=\"async\" align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/ecolebooks.com\/nigeria\/wp-content\/uploads\/9jalessonsimages\/100523_0802_Week9SS2Th39.png\" alt=\"\"\/><br \/>\n\t<img decoding=\"async\" align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/ecolebooks.com\/nigeria\/wp-content\/uploads\/9jalessonsimages\/100523_0802_Week9SS2Th40.png\" alt=\"\"\/><img decoding=\"async\" align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/ecolebooks.com\/nigeria\/wp-content\/uploads\/9jalessonsimages\/100523_0802_Week9SS2Th41.png\" alt=\"\"\/>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0H\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0H\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0C\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0OH\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<br \/>\n<img decoding=\"async\" align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/ecolebooks.com\/nigeria\/wp-content\/uploads\/9jalessonsimages\/100523_0802_Week9SS2Th42.png\" alt=\"\"\/><br \/>\n\t\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0H<br \/>\n    Ethan -1, 2- diol\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Propan- 1,3-diol<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><strong>Polyhydric alkanols<\/strong>:  This type has three or more hydroxyl groups per molecule.\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>Example<br \/>\nH\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<br \/>\n<img decoding=\"async\" align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/ecolebooks.com\/nigeria\/wp-content\/uploads\/9jalessonsimages\/100523_0802_Week9SS2Th43.png\" alt=\"\"\/><br \/>\n\t<img decoding=\"async\" align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/ecolebooks.com\/nigeria\/wp-content\/uploads\/9jalessonsimages\/100523_0802_Week9SS2Th44.png\" alt=\"\"\/><img decoding=\"async\" align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/ecolebooks.com\/nigeria\/wp-content\/uploads\/9jalessonsimages\/100523_0802_Week9SS2Th45.png\" alt=\"\"\/>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0H\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0C\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0OH\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<br \/>\n<img decoding=\"async\" align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/ecolebooks.com\/nigeria\/wp-content\/uploads\/9jalessonsimages\/100523_0802_Week9SS2Th46.png\" alt=\"\"\/><br \/>\n\t<img decoding=\"async\" align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/ecolebooks.com\/nigeria\/wp-content\/uploads\/9jalessonsimages\/100523_0802_Week9SS2Th47.png\" alt=\"\"\/><img decoding=\"async\" align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/ecolebooks.com\/nigeria\/wp-content\/uploads\/9jalessonsimages\/100523_0802_Week9SS2Th48.png\" alt=\"\"\/>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0H\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0C\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0OH\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<br \/>\n<img decoding=\"async\" align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/ecolebooks.com\/nigeria\/wp-content\/uploads\/9jalessonsimages\/100523_0802_Week9SS2Th49.png\" alt=\"\"\/><br \/>\n\t<img decoding=\"async\" align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/ecolebooks.com\/nigeria\/wp-content\/uploads\/9jalessonsimages\/100523_0802_Week9SS2Th50.png\" alt=\"\"\/><img decoding=\"async\" align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/ecolebooks.com\/nigeria\/wp-content\/uploads\/9jalessonsimages\/100523_0802_Week9SS2Th51.png\" alt=\"\"\/>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0H\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0C\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0OH\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<br \/>\n<img decoding=\"async\" align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/ecolebooks.com\/nigeria\/wp-content\/uploads\/9jalessonsimages\/100523_0802_Week9SS2Th52.png\" alt=\"\"\/><br \/>\n\t\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0H\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<strong>EVALUATION<\/strong><br \/>\n\t1.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Name the functional group in the alkanol.<br \/>\n2.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Give an example each by writing the structure and names of the classes of alkanols.<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<strong>ETHANOL<\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<br \/>\n<strong>LABORATORY PREPARATION<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Hydrolyzing ethyl esters with hot alkali\n<\/li>\n<li>Reducing ethanol with nascent hydrogen\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\u00a0<strong>COMMERCIAL PREPARATION<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>\n<div>From ethene: Ethene is obtained by the cracking of petroleum. It is then absorbed in 95% H<sub>2<\/sub>SO<sub>4<\/sub> at 80<sup>0<\/sup>C and 30 atm to form ethyl hydrogen tetraoxosulphate (VI)\n<\/div>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/ecolebooks.com\/nigeria\/wp-content\/uploads\/9jalessonsimages\/100523_0802_Week9SS2Th53.png\" alt=\"\"\/>C<sub>2<\/sub>H<sub>4 <\/sub> +  H<sub>2<\/sub>SO<sub>4<\/sub>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0C<sub>2<\/sub>H<sub>5<\/sub>HSO<sub>4<\/sub>\n\t\t\t<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\u00a0The ethyl hydrogen tetraoxosulphate (VI) is hydrolyse by boiling in water to produce ethanol.<br \/>\n<img decoding=\"async\" align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/ecolebooks.com\/nigeria\/wp-content\/uploads\/9jalessonsimages\/100523_0802_Week9SS2Th54.png\" alt=\"\"\/>C<sub>2<\/sub>H<sub>5<\/sub>HSO<sub>4<\/sub>+ H<sub>2<\/sub>O\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0C<sub>2<\/sub>H<sub>5<\/sub>OH + H<sub>2<\/sub>SO<sub>4<\/sub>.<br \/>\nThe ethanol is distilled off leaving the acid behind which can be used again.<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>\n<div>Preparation by fermentation: Ethanol is prepared industrially from raw materials containing starch or sugar by the process of fermentation. Fermentation is an enzymatic process which involves the decomposition of large organicmolecules to simple molecule by micro-organism.The common micro-organism used is YEAST\n<\/div>\n<p>\u00a0<strong>PRODUCTION OF ETHANOL FROM STARCHY FOOD<\/strong><br \/>\n\t\t\tEthanol can be prepared from starchy food like rice, potatoes, maize etc.<br \/>\nThe following steps are involved;\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<div>Crush and pressure cook the starchy materials.\n<\/div>\n<ul>\n<li>Extract the starch granules by mixing with water.\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Allow the starch granules to settle and decant\n<\/li>\n<li>Treat the starch granules with malt (partially germinated barley which contains the enzyme, DIASTASE) at 50<sup>0<\/sup>C for one hour.\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div>The starch is then converted to MALTOSE.\n<\/div>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/ecolebooks.com\/nigeria\/wp-content\/uploads\/9jalessonsimages\/100523_0802_Week9SS2Th55.png\" alt=\"\"\/>2(C<sub>6<\/sub>H<sub>10<\/sub>O<sub>5<\/sub>)n + nH<sub>2<\/sub>O\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 nC<sub>12<\/sub>H<sub>22<\/sub>O<sub>11<\/sub>\n\t\t\t<\/li>\n<li>\n<div>Then yeast is added at room temperature for some time (at least one day).  Yeast contains two enzymes, namely MALTASE and ZYMASE.  Maltase converts maltose to two glucose units, while Zymase converts the glucose to ethanol and carbon (IV) oxide.\n<\/div>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/ecolebooks.com\/nigeria\/wp-content\/uploads\/9jalessonsimages\/100523_0802_Week9SS2Th56.png\" alt=\"\"\/>C<sub>12<\/sub>H<sub>22<\/sub>O<sub>11<\/sub>  +  H<sub>2<\/sub>O  <sup>maltase<\/sup>2C<sub>6<\/sub>H<sub>12<\/sub>O<sub>6<\/sub><br \/>\n\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/ecolebooks.com\/nigeria\/wp-content\/uploads\/9jalessonsimages\/100523_0802_Week9SS2Th57.png\" alt=\"\"\/>C<sub>6<\/sub> H<sub>12<\/sub> O<sub>6<\/sub>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<sup>Zymase<\/sup>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a02C<sub>2<\/sub>H<sub>3<\/sub>OH   +   CO<sub>2<\/sub>\n\t\t\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Ethanol<br \/>\n<strong>EVALUATION<\/strong><br \/>\n\t1.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Describe fully, the production of ethanol from a named starchy material\/food.<br \/>\n2.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0What type of chemical reaction is involved in fermentation of sugar?<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<strong>PHYSICAL PROPERTIES<br \/>\n<\/strong>1.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Ethanol is a colourless volatile liquid.<br \/>\n2.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0It is soluble in water.<br \/>\n3.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0It has boiling point of 78<sup>0<\/sup>C.<br \/>\n4.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0It has no action on litmus paper.<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<strong>CHEMICAL PROPERTIES<br \/>\n<\/strong>1.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Combustion: The lower members of alkanols burn with clean flames in plenty air<br \/>\n<img decoding=\"async\" align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/ecolebooks.com\/nigeria\/wp-content\/uploads\/9jalessonsimages\/100523_0802_Week9SS2Th58.png\" alt=\"\"\/>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a02CH<sub>3<\/sub>OH  +  3O<sub>2<\/sub>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a02CO<sub>2<\/sub>+H<sub>2<\/sub>O<br \/>\n2.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Oxidation: The products of oxidation depend on the structure of the alkanol.<br \/>\n&#8211;\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Primaryalkanols are oxidized to alkanal first and then to alkanoic acid in the presence of oxidizing agent e.g KMnO<sub>4<\/sub><br \/>\n\t<img decoding=\"async\" align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/ecolebooks.com\/nigeria\/wp-content\/uploads\/9jalessonsimages\/100523_0802_Week9SS2Th59.png\" alt=\"\"\/><img decoding=\"async\" align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/ecolebooks.com\/nigeria\/wp-content\/uploads\/9jalessonsimages\/100523_0802_Week9SS2Th60.png\" alt=\"\"\/>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0CH<sub>3<\/sub>CH<sub>2<\/sub>OH \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<sup>O<\/sup>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0CH<sub>3<\/sub>CHO\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<sup>O<\/sup>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0CH<sub>3<\/sub>COOH<br \/>\n<img decoding=\"async\" align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/ecolebooks.com\/nigeria\/wp-content\/uploads\/9jalessonsimages\/100523_0802_Week9SS2Th61.png\" alt=\"\"\/>&#8211;\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Secondary alkanols oxidize to alkanone. Example \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<br \/>\n<img decoding=\"async\" align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/ecolebooks.com\/nigeria\/wp-content\/uploads\/9jalessonsimages\/100523_0802_Week9SS2Th62.png\" alt=\"\"\/>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0CH<sub>3<\/sub>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0CH<sub>3<\/sub><\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<img decoding=\"async\" align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/ecolebooks.com\/nigeria\/wp-content\/uploads\/9jalessonsimages\/100523_0802_Week9SS2Th63.png\" alt=\"\"\/><img decoding=\"async\" align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/ecolebooks.com\/nigeria\/wp-content\/uploads\/9jalessonsimages\/100523_0802_Week9SS2Th64.png\" alt=\"\"\/><img decoding=\"async\" align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/ecolebooks.com\/nigeria\/wp-content\/uploads\/9jalessonsimages\/100523_0802_Week9SS2Th65.png\" alt=\"\"\/><img decoding=\"async\" align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/ecolebooks.com\/nigeria\/wp-content\/uploads\/9jalessonsimages\/100523_0802_Week9SS2Th66.png\" alt=\"\"\/>CH<sub>3<\/sub>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0C\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0OH\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0  [O ]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0           CH<sub>3<\/sub>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0C  = O  +   H<sub>2<\/sub>O<br \/>\n<img decoding=\"async\" align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/ecolebooks.com\/nigeria\/wp-content\/uploads\/9jalessonsimages\/100523_0802_Week9SS2Th67.png\" alt=\"\"\/><img decoding=\"async\" align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/ecolebooks.com\/nigeria\/wp-content\/uploads\/9jalessonsimages\/100523_0802_Week9SS2Th68.png\" alt=\"\"\/>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0propanone<br \/>\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0H<br \/>\n              Propon-2-ol\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0&#8211;\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Tertiary alkanols are not oxidized because there is no carbon-hydrogen bond to be broken for the oxidation to take place.<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0Note: The colour change of oxidizing agent if acidified is purple KMnO<sub>4<\/sub> change to colourless and range K<sub>2<\/sub>Cr<sub>2<\/sub>O<sub>7<\/sub> turns green.<\/p>\n<p>\u00a03.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Esterification:<br \/>\nThis is the reversible reaction between alkanol and alkanoic and to produce sweet smelling compound known as ester.  The reaction is catalysed by concentrated H<sub>2<\/sub>SO<sub>4<\/sub>. Example<br \/>\n<img decoding=\"async\" align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/ecolebooks.com\/nigeria\/wp-content\/uploads\/9jalessonsimages\/100523_0802_Week9SS2Th69.png\" alt=\"\"\/>CH<sub>3<\/sub>CH<sub>2<\/sub>OH  +CH3COOH\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0   H<sup>+<\/sup>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 CH<sub>3<\/sub>COOCH<sub>2<\/sub>CH<sub>3<\/sub>  +  H<sub>2<\/sub>O<br \/>\n4.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Dehydration:<br \/>\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Alkanols are dehydrated to alkenes in the presence of concentrated H<sub>2<\/sub>SO<sub>4<\/sub>.<br \/>\n<img decoding=\"async\" align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/ecolebooks.com\/nigeria\/wp-content\/uploads\/9jalessonsimages\/100523_0802_Week9SS2Th70.png\" alt=\"\"\/>CH<sub>3<\/sub>CH<sub>2<\/sub>OH    +  H<sub>2<\/sub>SO<sub>4<\/sub>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0   CH<sub>3<\/sub>CH<sub>2<\/sub>HSO<sub>4<\/sub>  +  H<sub>2<\/sub>O<br \/>\nCH<sub>3<\/sub>CH<sub>2<\/sub>HSO<sub>4170<\/sub><sup>o<\/sup><sub>C<\/sub>C<sub>2<\/sub>H<sub>4<\/sub>  +  H<sub>2<\/sub>SO<sub>4<\/sub><br \/>\n\t<img decoding=\"async\" align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/ecolebooks.com\/nigeria\/wp-content\/uploads\/9jalessonsimages\/100523_0802_Week9SS2Th71.png\" alt=\"\"\/>5.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Reaction with sodium and potassium:  Sodium and potassium react vigorously with alkanols to liberate hydrogen gas and form corresponding organic salt of sodium and potassium.<br \/>\n<img decoding=\"async\" align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/ecolebooks.com\/nigeria\/wp-content\/uploads\/9jalessonsimages\/100523_0802_Week9SS2Th72.png\" alt=\"\"\/>2C<sub>2<\/sub>H<sub>3<\/sub>OH  +  Na\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0         2C<sub>2<\/sub>H<sub>3<\/sub>ONa  +  H<sub>2<\/sub><br \/>\n\t6.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Reactions with the chlorides of phosphorus:  Ethanol reacts vigorously with PCl<sub>5<\/sub> in the cold to produce fumes of HCl and chloroethanevapour.<br \/>\n<img decoding=\"async\" align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/ecolebooks.com\/nigeria\/wp-content\/uploads\/9jalessonsimages\/100523_0802_Week9SS2Th73.png\" alt=\"\"\/>  C<sub>2<\/sub>H<sub>5<\/sub>OH + PCl<sub>5<\/sub>C<sub>2<\/sub>H<sub>5<\/sub>Cl  +  POCl<sub>3 <\/sub> + HCl<br \/>\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0PCl<sub>3<\/sub> gives a similar reaction, but less vigorous.<br \/>\n<img decoding=\"async\" align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/ecolebooks.com\/nigeria\/wp-content\/uploads\/9jalessonsimages\/100523_0802_Week9SS2Th74.png\" alt=\"\"\/>C<sub>2<\/sub>H<sub>5<\/sub>OH  +  PCl<sub>3<\/sub>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a03C<sub>2<\/sub>H<sub>5<\/sub>Cl   +  H<sub>3<\/sub>PO<sub>3<\/sub><br \/>\n\t<strong>USES OF ETHANOL<br \/>\n<\/strong>1.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0It is used as organic solvent.<br \/>\n2.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0It is the main constituent of methylated spirit used to clean wounds and to dissolve paint.<br \/>\n3.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0It is used as petrol addictive for use as fuel in vehicles.<br \/>\n4.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0It is used to manufacture other chemicals such as ethanol and ethanoic acid.<br \/>\n5.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0It is used as ingredient in making alcoholic drinks e.g. beers, wines and spirits.<br \/>\n6.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0It is used as anti-freeze in automobile radiator because of its low freezing point (-117<sup>0<\/sup>C).<br \/>\n<strong>GENERAL EVALUATION\/REVISION<br \/>\n<\/strong>1.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Describe how ethanol can be prepared from cane sugar.<br \/>\n2.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Using balanced equations, state five chemical properties of ethanol.<br \/>\n3. \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Describe a test to identify an unknown solution to be ethanol.<br \/>\n4. \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0What is the number of oxygen atoms in 32g of the gas? [N<sub>A<\/sub> = 6.02 x 10<sup>23<\/sup>]<br \/>\n5.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a05.6dm3 of oxygen gas was evolved at the anode during the electrolysis of dilute copper (II) tetraoxosulphate (VI) using platinum electrodes. What mass of copper is deposited at the cathode during the process? [Cu = 64, Molar volume of a gas at s.t.p = 22.4dm<sup>3<\/sup>, 1F = 96500C]<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<strong>READING ASSIGNMENT<br \/>\n<\/strong>New School Chemistry for Senior Secondary School by O.Y.Ababio (6<sup>th<\/sup> edition) pages 539-544.<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<strong>WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT<br \/>\n<\/strong><strong>SECTION A:<\/strong>Write the correct option ONLY.<br \/>\n1.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0The functional groups of the alkanolis(a).double bond     (b). carboxyl group    (c). hydroxyl group    (d). triple bond<br \/>\n2.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Primaryalkanols are oxidized to carboxylic acid; secondary alkanols are oxidized to alkanones while tertiary alkanols are (a). oxidized to alkanols(b). oxidized to alkanones(c). not oxidized (d).oxidized to alkenes<br \/>\n3.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0The solubility of alkanols in water is due to (a). the covalent nature(b).hydrogenbonding<br \/>\n(c).their low melting point  (d).their low melting point<br \/>\n4.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0When acidified KMnO<sub>4<\/sub> is used as oxidizing agent for alkanol, the colour change observed is(a). yellow to red (b). purple to colourless(c). orange to green   (d).white to black<br \/>\n5.      Which of the following enzymes converts glucose to ethanol?(a). maltose (b).zymase<br \/>\n         (c).diastase (d).amylase<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<strong>SECTION B<br \/>\n<\/strong>1\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0(a).Write the structural formula of two named primaryalkanols.<br \/>\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0(b). Explain the structural different between secondary and tertiary alkanols giving one example each.<br \/>\n2\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0(a).What is fermentation?<br \/>\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0(b). Describe the preparation of ethanol from table sugar.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u00a0WEEK NINE TOPIC: ALKANOLS CONTENT Types and Classes Industrial Production by Fermentation Properties and Uses&#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1,268],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-3368","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-posts","category-third-term-ss2-chemistry"],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/ecolebooks.com\/nigeria\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3368","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/ecolebooks.com\/nigeria\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/ecolebooks.com\/nigeria\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ecolebooks.com\/nigeria\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ecolebooks.com\/nigeria\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3368"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/ecolebooks.com\/nigeria\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3368\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3369,"href":"https:\/\/ecolebooks.com\/nigeria\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3368\/revisions\/3369"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/ecolebooks.com\/nigeria\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3368"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ecolebooks.com\/nigeria\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=3368"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ecolebooks.com\/nigeria\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=3368"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}