{"id":3352,"date":"2023-10-05T07:55:03","date_gmt":"2023-10-05T07:55:03","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/localhost\/ecole9ja\/?p=3352"},"modified":"2023-10-05T08:03:51","modified_gmt":"2023-10-05T08:03:51","slug":"week-1-ss2-third-term-chemistry-notes","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/ecolebooks.com\/nigeria\/posts\/week-1-ss2-third-term-chemistry-notes\/","title":{"rendered":"Week 1 – SS2 Third Term Chemistry Notes"},"content":{"rendered":"

THIRD TERM E-LEARNING NOTE
\n<\/strong>
\n\u00a0SUBJECT: CHEMISTRY \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0CLASS: SSS 2
\n<\/strong>
\n\u00a0SCHEME OF WORK
\n<\/strong>
\n\u00a0WEEK TOPIC
\n<\/strong><\/p>\n

    \n
  1. Water\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
      \n
    • Sources, Types, Uses and Structure of Water.\n<\/li>\n
    • Laboratory Preparation of Water.\n<\/li>\n
    • Test for Water\n<\/li>\n
    • Causes\/ Removal of Hardness of Water.\n<\/li>\n
    • Purification of Water for Municipal Supply.\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
        \n
      1. Solubility and Solutions\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
          \n
        • Definition of Terms.\n<\/li>\n
        • Calculations based on Solubility.\n<\/li>\n
        • Solubility Curves.\n<\/li>\n
        • Uses of Solubility.\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
            \n
          1. Mass\/Volume Relationship\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
              \n
            • Mole and Molar Quantities\n<\/li>\n
            • Relative Atomic Mass and Relative Molecular Mass.\n<\/li>\n
            • Calculations involving Mass and Volume.\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
                \n
              1. Acid\/ Base Reactions\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
                  \n
                • Preparation of Standard Solutions.\n<\/li>\n
                • Indicators\n<\/li>\n
                • Calculations based on Acid-Base Titration.\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
                    \n
                  1. Hydrocarbons\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
                      \n
                    • Unique Nature of Carbon.\n<\/li>\n
                    • Characteristics Features of Organic Compounds\n<\/li>\n
                    • Classification of Hydrocarbons.\n<\/li>\n
                    • \n
                      Definition of Terms used in Organic Chemistry
                      \n\t\t\t\t<\/strong><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
                        \n
                      1. Saturated Hydrocarbon (Alkanes)\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
                          \n
                        • Nomenclature\n<\/li>\n
                        • Preparation, Properties and Uses\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
                            \n
                          1. Unsaturated Hydrocarbon (Alkenes)\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
                              \n
                            • Nomenclature\n<\/li>\n
                            • Preparation, Properties and Uses\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
                                \n
                              1. Unsaturated Hydrocarbon (Alkynes)\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
                                  \n
                                • Nomenclature\n<\/li>\n
                                • \n
                                  Preparation, Properties and Uses\n<\/div>\n

                                  Aromatic Hydrocarbons\n<\/li>\n

                                • Benzene Structure\n<\/li>\n
                                • Preparation, Properties and Uses\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
                                    \n
                                  1. Alkanols\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
                                      \n
                                    • Types and Classes\n<\/li>\n
                                    • Industrial Production by Fermentation\n<\/li>\n
                                    • Properties and Uses\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                      \u00a0REFERENCE MATERIALS
                                      \n<\/strong><\/p>\n

                                        \n
                                      • New School Chemistry for Senior Secondary Schools by O. Y. Ababio\n<\/li>\n
                                      • New System Chemistry for Senior Secondary Schools by T. Y. Toon et al\n<\/li>\n
                                      • S.S.C.E Past Questions and Answers on Chemistry\n<\/li>\n
                                      • U.T.M.E Past Questions and Answers on Chemistry\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                        \u00a0
                                        \n\u00a0WEEK ONE
                                        \n<\/strong>TOPIC: WATER
                                        \n<\/strong>CONTENT
                                        \n<\/strong><\/p>\n

                                          \n
                                        • Sources, Types, Uses and Structure of Water.\n<\/li>\n
                                        • Laboratory Preparation of Water.\n<\/li>\n
                                        • Test for Water\n<\/li>\n
                                        • Causes\/ Removal of Hardness of Water.\n<\/li>\n
                                        • \n
                                          Purification of Water for Municipal Supply.\n<\/div>\n

                                          \u00a0WATER
                                          \n<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                          Water is regarded as the universal solvent. It is a good solvent for many substances. <\/p>\n

                                          \u00a0SOURCES OF WATER
                                          \n<\/strong>The following are the sources of water:<\/p>\n

                                            \n
                                          1. \n
                                            Natural water:Rainwater, Well water, Spring water and Sea water\n<\/div>\n
                                              \n
                                            1. \n
                                              Treated water:<\/em> Distilled water, Pipe \u2013 borne water and chlorinated water.\n<\/div>\n

                                              \u00a0TYPES OF WATER
                                              \n<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                                              Water is of two types namely: soft water and hard water. Soft water forms lather with soap easily while hard water does not form lather readily with soap since it contains some dissolved salt in it. <\/p>\n

                                              \u00a0STRUCTURE OF WATER
                                              \n<\/strong>In a molecule of water, H2<\/sub>O, the central atom is Oxygen. Oxygen has the following electronic configuration: 1s2<\/sup> 2s2<\/sup> 2p4<\/sup>. <\/p>\n

                                              \u00a0The valence shell of oxygen has two lone pairs of electrons (2s2<\/sup>2p2<\/sup>) and two unpaired electrons (2py<\/sub>1<\/sup>2pz<\/sub>1<\/sup>). Each unpaired electron forms a covalent bond with an electron from a hydrogen atom. The water molecule has two lone pairs and two bond pairs of electrons in the valence shell of its central atom, thereby satisfying the octet rule for stability.<\/p>\n

                                              \u00a0Ideally, the four electron pairs should be directed towards corners of a tetrahedron. However, when lone pairs of electrons is located near another lone pair, the repulsion between them is so great that they squeeze the other two bond pairs of electrons closer together. As a result, the bond angle in water is compressed to approximately 105o<\/sup>, such that the structure of the water molecule is V-shaped or angular shape.
                                              \n\"\"\/\"\"\/\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0O<\/p>\n

                                              \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n

                                              \u00a0
                                              \n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0H\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0H<\/p>\n

                                              \u00a0LABORATORY PREPARATION OF WATER\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0
                                              \n<\/strong>To prepare water in laboratory, dry hydrogen gas is ignited in air. It burns with a faint blue flame to give steam, which will condense on contact with any cold surface to form water.<\/p>\n

                                              \u00a0PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF WATER
                                              \n<\/strong><\/p>\n

                                                \n
                                              1. \n
                                                Water boils at 100o<\/sup>C and freezes at 0o<\/sup>C\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n
                                              2. \n
                                                It has a maximum density of 1gcm-3 <\/sup>at 4o<\/sup>C\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n
                                              3. \n
                                                It is neutral to litmus.\n<\/div>\n

                                                \u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                                                CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
                                                \n<\/strong><\/p>\n

                                                  \n
                                                1. \n
                                                  Water reacts with electropositive metals to form alkali and liberate hydrogen gas. E.g\n<\/div>\n

                                                  \"\"\/Na(s)<\/sub> + H2<\/sub>O(aq)<\/sub>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0NaOH(aq)<\/sub> + H2(g)<\/sub>\n\t\t\t<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                                                  \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Mg & Zn react with steam
                                                  \n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Cu, Au, Ag, Hg do not react with water to form alkaline solution<\/p>\n

                                                    \n
                                                  1. \n
                                                    Non-metal like chlorine reacts with water to form acid solution.\n<\/div>\n

                                                    \"\"\/H2<\/sub>0(aq)<\/sub> + Cl2(g)<\/sub>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0HCl(aq)<\/sub> + HOCl(aq)<\/sub>\n\t\t\t<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                                                    \u00a0TEST FOR WATER
                                                    \n<\/strong>When few drops of water are added to <\/p>\n

                                                      \n
                                                    1. \n
                                                      White anhydrous copper (II) tetraoxosulphate (VI), it turns blue.\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n
                                                    2. \n
                                                      Blue cobalt (II) chloride, it turns pink.\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                                                      NOTE<\/strong>: These two tests are not specific for water. They only indicate the presence of water. Any aqueous solution or substance containing water will give a positive test for water.<\/p>\n

                                                      \u00a0EVALUATION<\/strong><\/p>\n

                                                        \n
                                                      1. \n
                                                        Describe the structure of water.\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n
                                                      2. \n
                                                        How will you identify a give solution to be water?\n<\/div>\n

                                                        \u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                                                        HARDNESS OF WATER
                                                        \n<\/strong>Hard water is the water that does not form lather readily with soap.
                                                        \nWater acquired hardness when insoluble salts of CaSO4<\/sub>, MgSO4<\/sub> and Ca(HCO3<\/sub>)2<\/sub> dissolves in it from the soil which it flows through.<\/p>\n

                                                        \u00a0TYPES OF HARDNESS OF WATER
                                                        \n<\/strong><\/p>\n

                                                          \n
                                                        1. \n
                                                          Temporary hard water\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n
                                                        2. \n
                                                          Permanent hard water\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                                                          \u00a0TEMPORARY HARDNESS:<\/em><\/strong> This is caused by the presences of Ca2+<\/sup> and Mg2+<\/sup> in the form of hydrogen trioxocarbonate IV i.e. Ca(HCO3<\/sub>)2<\/sub><\/p>\n

                                                          \u00a0REMOVAL OF TEMPORARY HARDNESS
                                                          \n<\/strong><\/p>\n

                                                            \n
                                                          1. \n
                                                            Physical method: By boiling\n<\/div>\n

                                                            \"\"\/Ca(HCO3<\/sub>)2(aq)<\/sub>heat<\/sup>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 CaCO3(s)<\/sub> + H2<\/sub>O(l)<\/sub> + CO2(g)<\/sub>\n\t\t\t<\/li>\n

                                                          2. \n
                                                            Chemical method: By using of slaked lime (calcium hydroxide solution)\n<\/div>\n

                                                            \"\"\/Ca(HCO3<\/sub>)2(aq)<\/sub> + Ca(OH)2(aq)<\/sub> 2CaCO3(s)<\/sub>+\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a02H2<\/sub>O(l)<\/sub>\n\t\t\t<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                                                            \u00a0EFFECTS OF TEMPORARY HARDNESS<\/strong>: It causes<\/p>\n

                                                              \n
                                                            1. \n
                                                              Furring of kettles and boilers.\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n
                                                            2. \n
                                                              Stalagmite and stalactites in caves.\n<\/div>\n

                                                              \u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                                                              PERMANENT HARDNESS
                                                              \n<\/strong>Permanent hardness in water is caused by the presence of Calcium and Magnesium ions in the form of soluble tetraoxosulphate (VI) and chlorides (i.e. CaSO4<\/sub>, MgSO4<\/sub>, MgCl2<\/sub>, CaCl2<\/sub>)
                                                              \nRemoval of permanent hardness<\/strong>: By chemical method only
                                                              \n1.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Addition of washing soda
                                                              \n\"\"\/\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Na2<\/sub>CO3(aq)<\/sub>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0+ CaSO4(aq)<\/sub>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0CaCO3(s)<\/sub> + Na2<\/sub>SO4(aq)<\/sub><\/p>\n

                                                                \n
                                                              1. \n
                                                                Addition of caustic soda\n<\/div>\n

                                                                \"\"\/\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a02NaOH(aq)<\/sub>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0+ CaSO4(aq)<\/sub>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Ca(OH)2(s)<\/sub>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0+ Na2<\/sub>SO4(aq)<\/sub>
                                                                \n\t\t\t3.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Ion exchange resin
                                                                \n\"\"\/\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0CaSO4(aq)<\/sub> + Sodium zeolite\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Calcium zeolite + NaSO4(aq)
                                                                \n<\/sub>(insoluble)\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                                                                ADVANTAGES OF HARD WATER
                                                                \n<\/strong><\/p>\n

                                                                  \n
                                                                1. \n
                                                                  It has better taste than soft water.\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n
                                                                2. \n
                                                                  Calcium salts in it helps to build strong teeth and bones.\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n
                                                                3. \n
                                                                  It provides CaCO3<\/sub>, that crab and snail use to build their shells.\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n
                                                                4. \n
                                                                  It does not dissolvelead, hence it can be supplied in lead pipes.\n<\/div>\n

                                                                  \u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                                                                  DISADVANTAGES OF HARD WATER
                                                                  \n<\/strong><\/p>\n

                                                                    \n
                                                                  1. \n
                                                                    It causes furring of kettles and boilers.\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n
                                                                  2. \n
                                                                    It wastes soap.\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n
                                                                  3. \n
                                                                    It cannot be used in dying and tanning.\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                                                                    \u00a0EVALUATION
                                                                    \n<\/strong><\/p>\n

                                                                      \n
                                                                    1. \n
                                                                      Mention TWO compounds that can cause permanent hardness of water.\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n
                                                                    2. \n
                                                                      Write two equations to show the removal of permanent hardness of water.\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                                                                      \u00a0TREATMENT OF WATER FOR MUNICIPAL SUPPLY
                                                                      \n<\/strong>The following are the processes of treating river water for town supply<\/p>\n

                                                                        \n
                                                                      1. \n
                                                                        Coagulation:Chemicals like potash alum, KAl(SO4<\/sub>)2<\/sub>, or sodium aluminate III, NaAlO2<\/sub> is added to water in a large settling tank.\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n
                                                                      2. \n
                                                                        Sedimentation: The coagulated solid particles or flocs are allowed to settle in the settling tank to form sediments at the bottom of the tank.\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n
                                                                      3. \n
                                                                        Filtration:<\/em> The water above the sediment still contains some suspended particles. The water is passed through a filter bed to remove the remaining fine dirt particles.\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n
                                                                      4. \n
                                                                        Chlorination (Disinfection): Chemicals like chlorine is then added to the water to kill germs. Iodine and fluorine are also added as food supplements to prevent goiter and tooth decay respectively. The treated water is then stored in a reservoir and distributed to the town.\n<\/div>\n

                                                                        \u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                                                                        GENERAL EVALUATION\/REVISION
                                                                        \n<\/strong><\/p>\n

                                                                          \n
                                                                        1. \n
                                                                          Mention two compounds that causes permanent hardness in water\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n
                                                                        2. \n
                                                                          State two ways of removing permanent hardness in water\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
                                                                            \n
                                                                          1. \n
                                                                            List two advantages of hard water\n<\/div>\n
                                                                              \n
                                                                            1. \n
                                                                              State Faraday’s second law of electrolysis\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n
                                                                            2. \n
                                                                              Using electron dot-cross representation, show the formation of carbon (IV) oxide and name the type of bond formed\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                                                                              READING ASSIGNMENT
                                                                              \n<\/strong>New School Chemistry for Senior Secondary School by O.Y.Ababio (6th<\/sup> edition) pages 296-302<\/p>\n

                                                                              \u00a0WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT
                                                                              \n<\/strong>SECTION A:<\/strong>Write the correct option ONLY<\/p>\n

                                                                                \n
                                                                              1. \n
                                                                                Treated town water undergoes the following steps except A. co-agulationB. precipitation C. sedimentation D. chlorination\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n
                                                                              2. \n
                                                                                Water is temporarily hard because it contains A. CaSO4<\/sub>B. MgSO4<\/sub>C. chlorine D.Ca(HCO3<\/sub>)2<\/sub>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n<\/li>\n
                                                                              3. \n
                                                                                Temporary hardness of water is removed by the use of one of the following A. boiling B. use of use of Ca(OH)2<\/sub>C. use of Na2<\/sub>CO3<\/sub>D. use of alum\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n
                                                                              4. \n
                                                                                A substance that turns white anhydrous CuSO4 <\/sub>blue is A. water B.liquid ammonia C. hydrochloric acid D. molten sulphur\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n
                                                                              5. \n
                                                                                Distilled water is different from deionized water because A. distilled water is a product of condensed steam while deionized water is filtered laboratory water B. distilled water is always pure and sold in packs while deionized is not packaged for consumption C. distilled water is condensed steam but deionized water is produced using ion-exchange resins which absorbs undesired ions. D. distilled water is man-made while deionized water is both natural and artificial\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                                                                                \u00a0SECTION B<\/strong>
                                                                                \n\t1.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0State the steps involved in the treatment of river water for town supply.
                                                                                \n2.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Write two equations to show the removal of permanent hardness of water.<\/p>\n

                                                                                \u00a0<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

                                                                                THIRD TERM E-LEARNING NOTE \u00a0SUBJECT: CHEMISTRY \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0CLASS: SSS 2 \u00a0SCHEME OF WORK \u00a0WEEK TOPIC Water…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1,268],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-3352","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-posts","category-third-term-ss2-chemistry"],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/ecolebooks.com\/nigeria\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3352","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/ecolebooks.com\/nigeria\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/ecolebooks.com\/nigeria\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ecolebooks.com\/nigeria\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ecolebooks.com\/nigeria\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3352"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/ecolebooks.com\/nigeria\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3352\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3353,"href":"https:\/\/ecolebooks.com\/nigeria\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3352\/revisions\/3353"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/ecolebooks.com\/nigeria\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3352"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ecolebooks.com\/nigeria\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=3352"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ecolebooks.com\/nigeria\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=3352"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}