{"id":3299,"date":"2023-10-04T14:03:57","date_gmt":"2023-10-04T14:03:57","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/localhost\/ecole9ja\/?p=3299"},"modified":"2023-10-04T14:10:36","modified_gmt":"2023-10-04T14:10:36","slug":"week-1-ss2-second-term-physics-notes","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/ecolebooks.com\/nigeria\/posts\/week-1-ss2-second-term-physics-notes\/","title":{"rendered":"Week 1 – SS2 Second Term Physics Notes"},"content":{"rendered":"

SUBJECT: PHYSICS, <\/strong>CLASS: SENIOR SECONDARY SCHOOL 2 <\/strong>TERM: SECOND<\/strong>
\n\tSCHEME OF WORK:
\n<\/strong>WEEK\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 TOPIC<\/p>\n

    \n
  1. Heat energy \u2013 temperature and its measurement\n<\/li>\n
  2. Heat capacity and specific heat capacity\n<\/li>\n
  3. Calculations on specific heat capacity\n<\/li>\n
  4. Evaporation, boiling and melting points and their determination. Effects of impurities and pressure on boiling and melting\n<\/li>\n
  5. Latent heat \u2013 Fusion and vaporization\n<\/li>\n
  6. \n
    Vapor pressure \u2013 Saturated and unsaturated vapor pressure and its relation to boiling. Humidity ,Relative Humidity, Dew point and its relationship to weather\n<\/div>\n

    \u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

      \n
    • \n
      Mid-term project
      \n<\/em><\/strong><\/div>\n

      \u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

        \n
      1. Gas Laws \u2013 Boyle’s, Charles’, Pressure and General gas law\n<\/li>\n
      2. Production and propagation of waves\n<\/li>\n
      3. Properties of waves \u2013 reflection, refraction, diffraction, interference and polarization\n<\/li>\n
      4. Light waves \u2013 source, reflection, reflection plane and curved mirrors\n<\/li>\n
      5. Refraction of light \u2013 refractive index, its determination, total internal reflection and critical angle\n<\/li>\n
      6. Revision\n<\/li>\n
      7. \n
        Examination
        \n\t\t\t\t\t<\/strong><\/div>\n

        \u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

        WEEK ONE
        \n<\/strong>HEAT ENERGY
        \n<\/strong><\/p>\n

          \n
        • Heat\n<\/li>\n
        • Temperature\n<\/li>\n
        • Measurement of temperature\n<\/li>\n
        • Thermometers\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

          Heat<\/strong>
          \n\t\tHeat is a measure of total internal energy of a body. It is a form of energy due to a temperature difference. It is measured in Joule, J
          \nTemperature
          \n<\/strong>Temperature is the degree of hotness or coldness of a body. The unit of temperature is in degree Celsius (0<\/sup>C) or Kelvin (K)
          \nMeasurement of temperature<\/strong>
          \n\t\tTemperature is measured by using thermometers. Thermometers have two reference temperatures or fixed points called the upper fixed point and lower fixed point.
          \nThe upper fixed point is the temperature of steam from pure water boiling at standard atmospheric pressure of 760mm of mercury. It is 1000<\/sup>C
          \nThe lower fixed point is the temperature of pure melting ice at the standard atmospheric pressure of 760mm of mercury. It is 00<\/sup>C
          \nTemperature scales
          \n<\/strong>The difference in temperature between the upper and lower fixed points is called fundamental interval of a thermometer. The calibration of this interval depends on any of the three scales below:<\/p>\n

            \n
          1. Celsius scale\n<\/li>\n
          2. Fahrenheit scale\n<\/li>\n
          3. Kelvin or Absolute scale\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

            The S. I. Unit of temperature is the Kelvin. However, it is also measured in degree Celsius and Fahrenheit.
            \n\t\t\t<\/strong>Thermometers
            \n<\/strong>Thermometers are instruments used to measure temperature. Thermometers are named using the thermometric properties employed in the measurement of temperature. Each one makes use of the change in the physical properties of materials they are made of, to indicate temperature change.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
            \u00a0<\/td>\nNAME OF THEERMOMETER<\/td>\nTHERMOMETRIC SUBSTANCE<\/td>\nTHERMOMETRIC SUBSTANCE<\/td>\nADVANTAGE<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
            1<\/td>\nLiquid-in-glass thermometer<\/td>\nAlcohol or mercury<\/td>\nChange in the volume of the liquid with temperature<\/td>\nPortable and easy to use<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
            2<\/td>\nGas thermometer<\/td>\nGas<\/td>\nChange of gas pressure at constant volume with temperature<\/td>\nAccurate measurement of temperature and gives wider ranges of temperature<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
            3<\/td>\nThermocouple thermometer<\/td>\nTwo dissimilar metals<\/td>\nChanges in the e.m.f. between two different metals kept at different temperature<\/td>\nQuick response to temperature changes and wider ranges of temperature<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
            4<\/td>\nResistance thermometer<\/td>\nResistance wire<\/td>\nChange in electrical resistance of wire with temperature<\/td>\nIt responds to a small change in temperature, very accurate and measure wider range of temperature<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
            5<\/td>\nBimetallic thermometer<\/td>\nTwo different metals<\/td>\nThe differential expansion of the two metals of the bimetallic strip <\/td>\n\u00a0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

            \u00a01.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0The liquid-in-glass thermometer<\/strong>: The liquid-in-glass thermometer depends on the uniform expansivity of the liquid used with temperature change. Any liquid that will be used as a thermometric liquid must be good conductor of heat, be easily seen in glass, have a high boiling point, have a low freezing point, have a low specific heat capacity, must not wet glass and must expand uniformly.
            \n2.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0The clinical thermometer<\/strong>: This has a constriction and it has a short range (350<\/sup>C \u2013 430<\/sup>C). The narrow constriction prevents the mercury from flowing back into the bulb immediately after the thermometer has been removed from the patient’s body.
            \n3.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Platinum resistance thermometer<\/strong>: This thermometer depends on the variation in the electrical resistance of a conductor with temperature as expressed below:<\/p>\n

              \n
            1. \n
              The Thermocouple<\/strong>: A thermocouple consists of two different metals joined together by a circuit containing a galvanometer. The working of a thermocouple depends on the variation of the electromotive force (e.m.f) between junctions. The equation of the relationship is\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

              , where a, b and c are constants<\/p>\n

                \n
              1. \n
                Constant \u2013 volume gas thermometer: <\/strong>This depends on the variation in the pressure of a gas at constant volume with changes in the temperature of the gas.
                \n\t\t\t\t\t<\/strong><\/div>\n

                The equation is:
                \n
                \n\t\t\t\t\t<\/strong>
                \n\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                ABSOLUTE SCALE OF TEMPERATURE
                \n<\/strong>Temperature has no property of direction but has magnitude or size, which depends on the scale being used.
                \nThe absolute scale of temperature is thermodynamic scale because it gives us the idea of the lowest possible temperature or absolute zero with the value of \u20132730<\/sup>K.
                \nThe absolute zero is the lowest possible temperature below which nothing can be cooled since temperature is the measure of the average or mean kinetic energy of the molecules of a substance. It follows that as we subtract heat from a substance, its temperature drops and hence its kinetic energy until it eventually becomes zero under which the molecules remain stationary.
                \nThe Celsius seal is the most commonly used scale. This scale is based on two fixed points \u2013 the lower fixed point (O0<\/sup>C) and the upper fixed point (1000<\/sup>C). The gap between these points is called the fundamental interval.<\/p>\n

                \u00a0\"\"\/\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a02120<\/sup>F\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a01000<\/sup>C\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0373K<\/p>\n

                \u00a0
                \n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0320<\/sup>F\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a000<\/sup>C\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0273K
                \nFahrenheit scale\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Celsius scale\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Kelvin scale
                \nTo convert from one scale to another, use interpolation technique.
                \n\"\"\/\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a02120<\/sup>F\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a01000<\/sup>C\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0373K
                \n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0F\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0C\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0K<\/p>\n

                \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0320<\/sup>F\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a000<\/sup>C\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0273K
                \nFahrenheit scale\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Celsius scale\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Kelvin scale
                \nWhere:
                \nF is the unknown in Fahrenheit scale;
                \nC is the unknown in the Celsius scale
                \nK is the unknown in the Kelvin scale
                \nThe formula below can be used<\/p>\n

                \u00a0CLASSWORK 1<\/strong><\/p>\n

                  \n
                1. \n
                  Define (i) ice point (ii) steam point\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n
                2. \n
                  Give five properties of thermometric liquid\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n
                3. \n
                  The length of mercury thread when it is at 00<\/sup>C, 1000<\/sup>C and at an unknown temperature \u03b8 is 5mm, and 125mm respectively. Find the value of \u03b8\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                  \u00a0ASSIGNMENT 1<\/strong>
                  \n\t\tSECTION A<\/strong><\/p>\n

                    \n
                  1. \n
                    An un-graduated thermometer reads 2.0cm and 112.0cm at ice and steam points respectively. Determine the true temperature in Kelvin, when the thermometer reads 5.0cm (a) 303.0K (b) 300.0K (c) 278.0K (d) 30.0K (e) 30.3K\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n
                  2. \n
                    Clinical thermometer differs from other mercury in glass thermometers because it has I. a constriction II. A wide range III. A short range IV. A narrow bore (a) I and II only (b) I and III only (c) III and IV only (d) I, II and III only (e) I, III and IV only\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n
                  3. \n
                    A platinum resistance thermometer has a resistance of 4\u03a9 at 00<\/sup>C and 12\u03a9 at 1000<\/sup>C. Assuming that the resistance changes uniformly with temperature, calculate the resistance of the temperature when the temperature is 450<\/sup>C (a) 6.0\u03a9 (b) 6.5\u03a9 (c) 7.6\u03a9 (d) 8.4\u03a9 (e) 16.0\u03a9\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n
                  4. \n
                    The purpose of constriction in a clinical thermometer is to (a)prevent the mercury from expanding beyond the bulb (b) prevent the mercury from falling back into the bulb until required (c) enable the mercury to expand slowly (d) serve as the lower limit of the scale to be read (e) none of the above\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n
                  5. \n
                    Mercury has an advantage over other liquids as thermometric liquid because it (a) has low expansivity (b) has higher conductivity (c) vaporizes easily (d) relatively low freezing point (e) none of the above\n<\/div>\n

                    SECTION B<\/strong>\n\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n

                  6. \n
                    What is temperature?\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n
                  7. \n
                    Distinguish between temperature and heat\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n
                  8. \n
                    Give three advantages of mercury over alcohol as a thermometric liquid\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n
                  9. \n
                    The pressure at ice point for a constant volume gas is 4.81\u00d7104<\/sup>Pa. while that of the steam point is 6.48\u00d7104<\/sup>Pa. what temperature will this thermometer indicate at 500<\/sup>C<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

                    SUBJECT: PHYSICS, CLASS: SENIOR SECONDARY SCHOOL 2 TERM: SECOND SCHEME OF WORK: WEEK\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 TOPIC Heat…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1,265],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-3299","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-posts","category-second-term-ss2-physics"],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/ecolebooks.com\/nigeria\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3299","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/ecolebooks.com\/nigeria\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/ecolebooks.com\/nigeria\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ecolebooks.com\/nigeria\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ecolebooks.com\/nigeria\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3299"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/ecolebooks.com\/nigeria\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3299\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3300,"href":"https:\/\/ecolebooks.com\/nigeria\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3299\/revisions\/3300"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/ecolebooks.com\/nigeria\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3299"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ecolebooks.com\/nigeria\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=3299"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ecolebooks.com\/nigeria\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=3299"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}