{"id":3079,"date":"2023-10-04T10:47:01","date_gmt":"2023-10-04T10:47:01","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/localhost\/ecole9ja\/?p=3079"},"modified":"2023-10-04T10:48:29","modified_gmt":"2023-10-04T10:48:29","slug":"week-8-ss2-second-term-chemistry-notes","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/ecolebooks.com\/nigeria\/posts\/week-8-ss2-second-term-chemistry-notes\/","title":{"rendered":"Week 8 &#8211; SS2 Second Term Chemistry Notes"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>\u00a0<strong>WEEK EIGHT\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0DATE: <\/strong>_________<br \/>\n<strong>TOPIC: SULPHUR<br \/>\n<\/strong><strong>CONTENT<br \/>\n<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>General Properties of Sulphur Group.\n<\/li>\n<li>Electronic Structure of Sulphur Group.\n<\/li>\n<li>Extraction of Sulphur.\n<\/li>\n<li>Allotropes of Sulphur.\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div>Uses of Sulphur\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>GENERAL PROPERTIES OF THE SULPHUR GROUP (GROUP VI ELEMENTS)<br \/>\n<\/strong>The group VI elements include: Oxygen, Sulphur, Selenium, Tellurium and Polonium.<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>\n<div>Metallic property increases down the group. Oxygen and sulphur are non-metal; selenium and tellurium are metalloid; while polonium is a metal.<strong><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/strong><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div>All the elements are solid except oxygen which is a gas at room temperature. <strong><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/strong><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div>Oxygen and sulphur exhibit allotropy.<strong><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/strong><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div>They have six electrons in their outermost shell. Hence their oxidation number is -2; though sulphur can exhibit -4 and -6 states in some compounds.<strong><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/strong><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div>Electronegativity decreases down the group. Thus, oxygen is a good oxidizing agent.<strong><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/strong><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\u00a0<strong>ELECTRONIC STRUCRURE OF SULPHUR GROUP<br \/>\n<\/strong>Members of the sulphur family include: Oxygen, Sulphur, Selenium, Tellurium and Polonium. Their electronic configurations are shown below:<br \/>\nOxygen = 8: 1s<sup>2<\/sup> 2s<sup>2<\/sup> 2p<sup>4<\/sup><br \/>\n\tSulphur = 16: 1s<sup>2<\/sup> 2s<sup>2<\/sup> 2p<sup>6<\/sup> 3s<sup>2<\/sup> 3p<sup>4<\/sup><br \/>\n\tSelenium= 34: 1s<sup>2<\/sup> 2s<sup>2<\/sup> 2p<sup>6<\/sup> 3s<sup>2<\/sup> 3p<sup>6<\/sup> 3d<sup>10<\/sup> 4s<sup>2<\/sup> 4p<sup>4<\/sup><br \/>\n\tTellurium = 52: 1s<sup>2<\/sup> 2s<sup>2<\/sup> 2p<sup>6<\/sup> 3s<sup>2<\/sup> 3p<sup>6<\/sup> 3d<sup>10<\/sup> 4s<sup>2<\/sup> 4p<sup>6 <\/sup>4d<sup>10<\/sup> 5s<sup>2<\/sup> 5p<sup>4<br \/>\n<\/sup>Polonium = 84: 1s<sup>2<\/sup> 2s<sup>2<\/sup> 2p<sup>6<\/sup> 3s<sup>2<\/sup> 3p<sup>6<\/sup> 3d<sup>10<\/sup> 4s<sup>2<\/sup> 4p<sup>6 <\/sup>4d<sup>10<\/sup> 5s<sup>2<\/sup> 5p<sup>6 <\/sup>5d<sup>10<\/sup> 5f<sup>14<\/sup> 6s<sup>2<\/sup> 6p<sup>4<\/sup><\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<strong>SULPHUR<br \/>\n<\/strong>Sulphur is an element. It occurs freely as deposits and in combined state as sulphide and as tetraoxosulphate (IV).<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<strong>EXTRACTION OF SULPHUR<br \/>\n<\/strong>Sulphur is extracted from underground by Frasch process. A three concentric sulphur pump is driven down a hole dug to the sulphur bed. The solid sulphur is melted at 115<sup>o<\/sup>C by super \u2013 heated water at 170<sup>o<\/sup>C and 10atms. The molten sulphur is forced out by hot compressed air at 15atm. The molten sulphur is then continuously pumped out and allowed to solidify in a large tank. The sulphur obtained is 99.5% pure.<br \/>\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/ecolebooks.com\/nigeria\/wp-content\/uploads\/9jalessonsimages\/100423_1047_Week8SS2Se1.jpg\" alt=\"\"\/><\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<strong>ALLOTROPES OF SULPHUR<br \/>\n<\/strong>The two main crystalline allotropes of sulphur are: <\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>\n<div>Rhombic sulphur: A bright yellow octahedral crystalline solid. Each crystal is made up of S<sub>8<\/sub> molecules. Rhombic sulphur is stable below 96<sup>o<\/sup>C.\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div>Monoclinic Sulphur: This is amber coloured solid sulphur consisting of needle shaped S<sub>8<\/sub> crystal. Stable above 96<sup>o<\/sup>C. It easily reverts to Rhombic below 96<sup>o<\/sup>C. The transition temperature between Rhombic and Monoclinic is 96<sup>o<\/sup>C.\n<\/div>\n<p>\u00a0<strong>Comparison of the Physical Properties of Rhombic and Monoclinic Sulphur<br \/>\n<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ol>\n<li>\n<div>Rhombic Sulphur melts at 113<sup>o<\/sup>C;while monoclinic sulphur melts at 119<sup>o<\/sup>C.\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div>Rhombic sulphur has bright yellow colour; while monoclinic sulphur has amber colour.\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div>Rhombic sulphur has octahedral shape; while monoclinic sulphur is needle-like in shape.\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div>Rhombic sulphur is translucent; while monoclinic is transparent.\n<\/div>\n<p>\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>Sulphur also exists as non \u2013 crystalline solid. These are <\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>\n<div>Amorphous sulphur\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div>Plastic sulphur\n<\/div>\n<p>\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><strong>EVALUATION<br \/>\n<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>\n<div>Briefly explain the Frasch process.\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div>Name the two allotropes of sulphur and state their transition temperature.\n<\/div>\n<p>\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><strong>PHYSICAL PROPERTIES<br \/>\n<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>\n<div>Sulphur is a yellow solid.\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div>It is insoluble in water but soluble in toluene and carbon (IV) sulphide.\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ol>\n<li>\n<div>It is a poor \u2013 conductor of heat and electricity.\n<\/div>\n<ol>\n<li>\n<div>It melts at 119<sup>o<\/sup>C and boils at 444<sup>o<\/sup>C.\n<\/div>\n<p>\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><strong>CHEMICAL PROPERTIES<br \/>\n<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>\n<div>It reacts directly with metals to form sulphide (S<sup>2-<\/sup>)\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Fe<sub>(s)<\/sub> + S<sub>(s)<\/sub>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u2192 FeS<sub>(s)<\/sub><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>\n<div>It reacts with excess oxygen to form sulphur (IV) oxide\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>         O<sub>2(g)<\/sub>  +  S<sub>(s)<\/sub>   \u2192  SO<sub>2(g)<\/sub><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>\n<div>It reacts with hydrogen to form hydrogen sulphide;\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>                      H<sub>2(g)<\/sub>   +   S<sub>(s)<\/sub> \u2192 H<sub>2<\/sub>S<sub>(g)<\/sub><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>\n<div>It reacts with coke (carbon) to form carbon (IV) sulphide. \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0            C<sub>(s)<\/sub>  +    2S<sub>(s)<\/sub> \u2192 CS<sub>2(l)<br \/>\n<\/sub><strong>USES<br \/>\n<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>\n<div>Used in manufacturing tetraoxosulphate (IV) acid\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div>Used in vulcanization of rubber\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div>Used as germicides\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ol>\n<li>\n<div>Used in manufacturing bleaching agent\n<\/div>\n<p>\u00a0<strong>GENERAL EVALUATION\/REVISION<br \/>\n<\/strong><\/li>\n<li>\n<div>State THREE physical and chemical properties of sulphur.\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div>Outline THREE differences between monoclinic and rhombic sulphur.\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div>Descried the Frasch process for the extraction of sulphur.\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div>State TWO differences between a conductor and an electrolyte.\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div>List the steps involve in the treatment of water for municipal supply.\n<\/div>\n<p>\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><strong>READING ASSIGNMENT<br \/>\n<\/strong>New School Chemistry for Senior Secondary Schools by O. Y. Ababio (6<sup>th<\/sup> edition), page 381-384<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<strong>WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT<br \/>\n<\/strong><strong>SECTION A: <\/strong>Write the correct option ONLY<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>\n<div>Sulphur is extracted by (a) Haber process (b) Frasch process (c) Solvay process (d) Contact process\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div>Which of the following is a crystalline allotropes of sulphur (a) Monoclinic (b) Plastic (c) Amorphous (d) Colloidal\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div>The density of rhombic sulphur is (a) 1.2 (b) 1.5 (c) 2.08 (d) 1.98\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div>The shape of monoclinic sulphur is (a) needle shape (b) hexagonal (c) octahedral (d) tetrahedral\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div>Sulphur is used for (a) making of cellulose (b) cooking rice (c) vulcanizing rubber (d) manufacturing glass\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\u00a0<strong>SECTION B<br \/>\n<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>\n<div>Give three differences between rhombic sulphur and monoclinic sulphur\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div>Briefly describe the extraction of sulphur\n<\/div>\n<p>\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u00a0WEEK EIGHT\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0DATE: _________ TOPIC: SULPHUR CONTENT General Properties of Sulphur Group. Electronic Structure of Sulphur&#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1,248],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-3079","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-posts","category-second-term-ss2-chemistry"],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/ecolebooks.com\/nigeria\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3079","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/ecolebooks.com\/nigeria\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/ecolebooks.com\/nigeria\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ecolebooks.com\/nigeria\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ecolebooks.com\/nigeria\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3079"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/ecolebooks.com\/nigeria\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3079\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3080,"href":"https:\/\/ecolebooks.com\/nigeria\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3079\/revisions\/3080"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/ecolebooks.com\/nigeria\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3079"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ecolebooks.com\/nigeria\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=3079"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ecolebooks.com\/nigeria\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=3079"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}