{"id":2766,"date":"2023-10-03T13:05:45","date_gmt":"2023-10-03T13:05:45","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/localhost\/ecole9ja\/?p=2766"},"modified":"2023-10-03T13:12:03","modified_gmt":"2023-10-03T13:12:03","slug":"week-10-ss2-first-term-agricultural-science-notes","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/ecolebooks.com\/nigeria\/posts\/week-10-ss2-first-term-agricultural-science-notes\/","title":{"rendered":"Week 10 &#8211; SS2 First Term Agricultural Science Notes"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>\u00a0<strong>WEEK TEN<br \/>\n<\/strong><strong>TOPIC: FARMING PRACTICES<br \/>\n<\/strong><strong>CONTENT<br \/>\n<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<div>Types of farming practices\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div>Methods of Replenishing lost nutrients\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div>Factors influencing nutrient availability in the soil\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>FARMING PRACTICES<br \/>\n<\/strong>The following farming practices have consequences or effects on the soil;<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>\n<div><strong>BUSH BURNING<\/strong>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n<p>This involves the setting of fire on the bushes to clear out the vegetation<br \/>\n<strong>MERITS<br \/>\n<\/strong><\/li>\n<li>\n<div>It releases potassium and phosphorus as ash\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div>It has some sterilizing effect on the soil\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div>It stimulate the growth of fresh grass\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div>It destroys soil borne pathogen or germs\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div>It destroys the seeds of weeds\n<\/div>\n<p><strong>DEMERITS<br \/>\n<\/strong><\/li>\n<li>\n<div>It destroys the organic content of the soil\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div>It reduces the population of soil live organisms\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div>It oxidase nitrogen and sulphur into gaseous forms\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div>It exposes the soil to erosion and leaching\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div>It may raise the PH level of the soil\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div>It causes environmental pollution\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div>It destroys the soil structure\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div>It reduces soil water content\n<\/div>\n<p>\u00a0<\/li>\n<li>\n<div><strong>OVERGRAZING<br \/>\n<\/strong><\/div>\n<p>Overgrazing is a situation where more animals than can be supported on a particular pasture are put there to graze.<br \/>\n<strong>MERIT<br \/>\n<\/strong><\/li>\n<li>\n<div>More feaces are dropped which could improve the fertility of the soil\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div>Weeds can easily be eradicated from such land.\n<\/div>\n<p><strong>DEMERITS<br \/>\n<\/strong><\/li>\n<li>\n<div>It depletes the vegetative cover of the soil\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div>It causes poor growth and regenerative capacity of vegetation\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div> It exposes soil to erosion\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div>It destroys soil structure\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div>It leads to soil compaction\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div>Compacted soil reduces water infiltration\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div>Pore spaces in the soil in the soil are reduced\n<\/div>\n<p>\u00a0<strong>3.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0CLEAN CLEARING<br \/>\n<\/strong>This is the removal of the entire vegetation on a piece of land.<br \/>\n<strong>MERITS<br \/>\n<\/strong><\/li>\n<li>\n<div>It gets rid of weeds from the land\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div>It may leave land free of all obstacles\n<\/div>\n<p><strong>DEMERITS<br \/>\n<\/strong><\/li>\n<li>\n<div>It leads to disturbance or removal of top soil\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div>It leads to increase evaporation of water\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div>It exposes the soil to erosion\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div>It leads to reduction in organic matter\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div>It leads to loss of soil nutrients\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div>It leads to leaching\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div>It destroys the soil structure\n<\/div>\n<p>\u00a0<\/li>\n<li>\n<div><strong>FERTILIZER APPLICATION<\/strong>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n<p>This involves the application of certain chemical substance to the soil to increase its fertility<br \/>\n<strong>MERITS<br \/>\n<\/strong><\/li>\n<li>\n<div>It supplements nutrients content of the soil\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div>It enhances the productive capacity of the soil\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div>It increases the population of microorganism in the soil\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div>It stimulates vegetation growth\n<\/div>\n<p><strong>DEMERITS<br \/>\n<\/strong><\/li>\n<li>\n<div>Excessive application of fertilizers can cause soil acidity\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div>Excess application can also reduce the activities of soil organism\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div>Excessive application may also hinder the growth of crops\n<\/div>\n<p>\u00a0<\/li>\n<li>\n<div><strong>ORGANIC MANURING<\/strong>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n<p>It involves the application of manure e.g green manure, farm yard manure and compost manure to the soil in order to improve its fertility.<br \/>\n<strong>MERITS<br \/>\n<\/strong><\/li>\n<li>\n<div>Organic manuring returns nutrients to the soil\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div>It improves the texture and structure of the soil\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div>It encourages the activities of soil organisms\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div> It improves the water temperature fluctuations in the soil\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div>It prevents soil erosion\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div>It improves water holding capacity of the soil\n<\/div>\n<p><strong>DEMERITS<br \/>\n<\/strong><\/li>\n<li>\n<div>The process may lead to introduction of pathogens to the soil\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div>It may have adverse effects on crops, if not properly applied\n<\/div>\n<p>\u00a0<\/li>\n<li>\n<div><strong>CROP ROTATION<\/strong>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n<p>Crop rotation is the system of farming whereby different crops are grown on the same piece of land year after year on a definite manner so as to maintain the fertility of the soil<br \/>\n<strong>MERITS<br \/>\n<\/strong><\/li>\n<li>\n<div>It adds nutrient to the soil through nitrogen fixation\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div>It increases the yield of crops\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div>It controls the growth of weeds\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div>It maximizes the use of available land\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div>It control pests and diseases associated with soil\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div>If controls erosion\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div><strong>CONTINOUS CROPPING<\/strong>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n<p>This involves the growing of crops on the same piece of land every year without the application of manure or fertilizers<br \/>\n<strong>MERITS<br \/>\n<\/strong><\/li>\n<li>\n<div>It enables different crops to be grown and harvested\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div>It maximizes the use of available land\n<\/div>\n<p><strong>DEMERITS<br \/>\n<\/strong><\/li>\n<li>\n<div>It depletes soil nutrients\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div>It ensures the spread or multiplication of germs\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div>It ensures the multiplication of pests and parasites\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div>It results in low yields of crops\n<\/div>\n<p>\u00a0<\/li>\n<li>\n<div><strong>FLOODING:<\/strong> It is defined as the accumulation of an abnormal large quantity of water in an area which refuses to percolate or flows away.\n<\/div>\n<p>\u00a0<strong>EFFECTS OF TILLAGE IMPLEMENTS ON THE SOIL<br \/>\n<\/strong><\/li>\n<li>\n<div><strong>PLOUGHING<br \/>\n<\/strong><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div>It increases the soil organic matter content\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div>It helps to mix the soil together\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div>It improves water infiltration capacity\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div>It improves the aeration of the soil\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div>It leads to compaction of the soil\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div>It spreads disease causing organism in the soil\n<\/div>\n<p>\u00a0<\/li>\n<li>\n<div><strong>HARROWING<br \/>\n<\/strong><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div>It leads to fine tilth through the mixing of soil\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div>It increases aeration and water infiltration\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div>It increases root penetration\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div>It leads to destruction of soil structure\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div>It may lead to soil erosion\n<\/div>\n<p>\u00a0<\/li>\n<li>\n<div><strong>RIDGING<br \/>\n<\/strong><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div>It prevents erosion and improves water penetration\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div>It collects together rich top soil\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div>It improves aeration and root penetration\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div>It improves water conservation in the soil\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div>It also facilitates the harvesting of roots crops\n<\/div>\n<p>\u00a0<strong>EVALUATION<br \/>\n<\/strong><\/li>\n<li>\n<div>List five effects of bush burning on the soil\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div>(a) Define Tillage\n<\/div>\n<p>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0(b) Explain Zero tillage<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<strong>METHODS OF REPLENISHING LOST NUTRIENTS<br \/>\n<\/strong><\/li>\n<li>\n<div><strong>CROP ROTATION:<\/strong> It is a system of farming whereby different crops are grown on the same piece of land year after year in a definite manner so as to maintain the fertility of the soil.\n<\/div>\n<p>\u00a0The layout of a four-year crop rotation plan is shown in this table<\/p>\n<div>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>YEAR\u00a0<\/td>\n<td>PLOT I\u00a0<\/td>\n<td>PLOT II\u00a0<\/td>\n<td>PLOT III\u00a0<\/td>\n<td>PLOT IV\u00a0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1\u00a0<\/td>\n<td>Yam\u00a0<\/td>\n<td>Cowpea\u00a0<\/td>\n<td>Cassava\u00a0<\/td>\n<td>Maize\u00a0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>2\u00a0<\/td>\n<td>Cowpea\u00a0<\/td>\n<td>Cassava\u00a0<\/td>\n<td>Maize\u00a0<\/td>\n<td>Yam\u00a0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>3\u00a0<\/td>\n<td>Cassava\u00a0<\/td>\n<td>Maize\u00a0<\/td>\n<td>Yam\u00a0<\/td>\n<td>Cowpea\u00a0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>4\u00a0<\/td>\n<td>Maize\u00a0<\/td>\n<td>Yam <\/td>\n<td>Cowpea\u00a0<\/td>\n<td>Cassava\u00a0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<p>\u00a0<br \/>\n\u00a0<strong>PRINCIPLES OF CROP ROTATION<br \/>\n<\/strong><\/li>\n<li>\n<div>Deep-rooted crops like yam and cassava should not follow each other\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div>Shallow-rooted  crops should not follow each other\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div>Crops which have the same diseases should not follow each other\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div>Crops which have the same pests should not follow each other\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div>Crops of the same family should not follow each other\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div>Crops which control weeds should be planted\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div>Legumes should be included in crop rotation\n<\/div>\n<p>\u00a0<strong>CONDITIONS NECESSARY FOR THE PRACTISE OF CROP ROTATION<br \/>\n<\/strong><\/li>\n<li>\n<div>Where land is scarce or limited in supply\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div>Where population is high\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div>The need to have different varieties of crops\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div>The need to maintain soil fertility\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div>Where the soil is exhausted of nutrient\n<\/div>\n<p>\u00a0<\/li>\n<li>\n<div><strong>ORGANIC MANURING<br \/>\n<\/strong><\/div>\n<p>Organic manure refers to the delayed plant and animal products which have been carefully prepared to supply nutrients to plants or crops.<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/li>\n<li>\n<div><strong>BUSH FALLOWING<br \/>\n<\/strong><\/div>\n<p>This is the practice in which farmlands are left to lie fallow after one or two years of cultivation to allow the nutrients to revert to the soil.<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/li>\n<li>\n<div><strong>COVER CROPING<br \/>\n<\/strong><\/div>\n<p>It is the process of planting certain plants mainly to cover soil surface to conserver the soil nutrient.<br \/>\nSome common examples of cover crops are: mucuna pueraria, centro, clotalaria, calapogonium and cowpea<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/li>\n<li>\n<div><strong>LIMING<br \/>\n<\/strong><\/div>\n<p>It is the process whereby Calcium or magnesium containing compounds are added to the soil to reduce soil acidity. Some common liming materials are: limestone, quicklime, slaked lime, basic slag, dolomite, gypsum, wood, ash etc.<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/li>\n<li>\n<div><strong>APPLICATION OF INORGANIC FERTILIZERS<br \/>\n<\/strong><\/div>\n<p>Fertilizers are chemical substances in form of powder, granules, pellets, or crystals which can be added to the soil to increase fertility.<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<strong>EVALUATION<br \/>\n<\/strong><\/li>\n<li>\n<div>What is crop rotation?\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div>List five principles of crop rotation\n<\/div>\n<p>\u00a0<strong>FACTORS INFLUENCING NUTRIENTS<br \/>\n<\/strong>Availability in the soil\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div>Soil PH\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div>Concentration of other nutrients\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div>Leaching\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div>Crop removal\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div>Oxidation and Reduction of organic materials\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div>Burning\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div>Soil Texture\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div>Erosion\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div>Soil moisture content\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div>Level or Organic matter\/Micro Organisms in the soil\n<\/div>\n<p>\u00a0<strong>WAYS IN WHICH SOIL NUTRIENTS CAN BE LEST<br \/>\n<\/strong><\/li>\n<li>\n<div>Crop removal\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div>Erosion\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div>Leaching\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div>Soil Acidity\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div>Excess of other nutrients\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div>Oxidation and reduction of organic materials\n<\/div>\n<p>\u00a0<strong>GENERAL EVALUATION<br \/>\n<\/strong><\/li>\n<li>\n<div>What is Bush burning?\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div>State the merits of bush burning\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div>What is crop rotation?\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div>List five principles of crop rotation\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div>State four effects of ploughing on the soil\n<\/div>\n<p>\u00a0<strong>READING ASIGNMENT<br \/>\n<\/strong>Essential Agricultural Science for Senior Secondary Schools, Chapter 18, pages 187 \u2013 201<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<strong>WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT<br \/>\n<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>\n<div>The following are pre planting activities except (a) ploughing (b) bush clearing  (c) harrowing (d) thinning\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div>The following are types of manure except (a) green manure (b) farm yard manure (c) NPK (d) compost\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div>The following are methods of fertilizer application except (a) broadcasting (b) ring method (c) Top dressing (d) Eroding\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div>The following are liming materials except (a) limestone (b) Urea (c) quicklime (d) slaked lime\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div>Nutrients are lost through the following means except (a) crop removal (b) Erosion (c) leaching (d) mulching\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\u00a0<strong>SECTION B<br \/>\n<\/strong>1.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0(a) State four demerits of bush burning<br \/>\n \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0(b) State four uses of lime in Agriculture<br \/>\n2.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0(a) Define soil organic matter<br \/>\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0(b) State five ways in which soil organic matter is important in Agriculture.\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u00a0WEEK TEN TOPIC: FARMING PRACTICES CONTENT Types of farming practices Methods of Replenishing lost nutrients&#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1,226],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2766","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-posts","category-first-term-ss2-agricultural-science"],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/ecolebooks.com\/nigeria\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2766","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/ecolebooks.com\/nigeria\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/ecolebooks.com\/nigeria\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ecolebooks.com\/nigeria\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ecolebooks.com\/nigeria\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2766"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/ecolebooks.com\/nigeria\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2766\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2770,"href":"https:\/\/ecolebooks.com\/nigeria\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2766\/revisions\/2770"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/ecolebooks.com\/nigeria\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2766"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ecolebooks.com\/nigeria\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2766"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ecolebooks.com\/nigeria\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2766"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}