{"id":2764,"date":"2023-10-03T13:05:14","date_gmt":"2023-10-03T13:05:14","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/localhost\/ecole9ja\/?p=2764"},"modified":"2023-10-03T13:12:10","modified_gmt":"2023-10-03T13:12:10","slug":"week-8-ss2-first-term-agricultural-science-notes","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/ecolebooks.com\/nigeria\/posts\/week-8-ss2-first-term-agricultural-science-notes\/","title":{"rendered":"Week 8 &#8211; SS2  First Term Agricultural Science Notes"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>\u00a0<strong>WEEK EIGHT<br \/>\n<\/strong><strong>TOPIC: PLANT NUTRIENTS AND NUTRIENT CYCLES<br \/>\n<\/strong><strong>CONTENT<br \/>\n<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<div>Classify plant nutrients\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div>Functions and deficiency symptoms of nutrients\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div>Nutrient cycles\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u00a0<strong>PLANT NUTRIENTS AND NUTRIENT CYCLES<br \/>\n<\/strong>Plant nutrients are classified into two, these includes macronutrient and micronutrient.<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<strong>MACRONUTRIENTS<br \/>\n<\/strong>These are mineral elements or nutrients required by crops in large quantities. Examples are: nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, magnesium, calcium and sulphur.<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<strong>MICRONUTRIENT OR TRACE ELEMENTS<br \/>\n<\/strong>These are mineral elements or nutrients required by crops in small quantities. Examples are: Zinc, Copper, boron, molybdenum, Iron, Chlorine and Manganese.<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<strong>FUNCTIONS AND DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS OF PLANT NUTRIENTS<br \/>\n<\/strong><\/p>\n<div>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>S\/N<\/strong>\u00a0<\/td>\n<td><strong>ELEMENT<\/strong>\u00a0<\/td>\n<td><strong>FUNCTION<\/strong>\u00a0<\/td>\n<td><strong>DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS<\/strong>\u00a0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1.\u00a0<\/td>\n<td>Nitrogen\u00a0<\/td>\n<td>\n<ol>\n<li>Aids plant&#8217;s growth and reproduction\n<\/li>\n<li>Promotes vegetative and short system growth\n<\/li>\n<li>Excess Nitrogen delay maturation and fruiting\n<\/li>\n<li>Promotes chlorophyll formation\n<\/li>\n<li>Necessary for synthesis of plant hormones<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<ol>\n<li>Stunted growth\n<\/li>\n<li>Yellowing of leaves\n<\/li>\n<li>Leaves tend to drop\n<\/li>\n<li>Poor formation of fruits and flowers<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>2.\u00a0<\/td>\n<td>Phosphorus \u00a0<\/td>\n<td>\n<ol>\n<li>It aid enzyme reactions\n<\/li>\n<li>It is a constituent of cell division\n<\/li>\n<li>Increases soil resistant to diseases\n<\/li>\n<li>Helps in ripening of fruits\n<\/li>\n<li>Help in root development and seed germination\n<\/li>\n<li>Aids seed germination<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<ol>\n<li>Logging results in cereal crops\n<\/li>\n<li>Stunted growth\n<\/li>\n<li>Leaves turn purple and brownish in colour\n<\/li>\n<li>Poor root development\n<\/li>\n<li>Immature fruit drop\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>3\u00a0<\/td>\n<td>Potassium\u00a0<\/td>\n<td>\n<ol>\n<li>Important constituent of plant tissues\n<\/li>\n<li>Aids synthesis of carbohydrates\n<\/li>\n<li>Activates various plant enzyme reactions\n<\/li>\n<li>Promotes development of young plants\n<\/li>\n<li>Helps in nitrate uptake in the soil<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<ol>\n<li>Weak slender stems\n<\/li>\n<li>Delayed growth\n<\/li>\n<li>Premature loss of leaves\n<\/li>\n<li>Brown colour at margin of leaves<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>4\u00a0<\/td>\n<td>Calcium\u00a0<\/td>\n<td>\n<ol>\n<li>Strengthens plant cell with calcium pectate\n<\/li>\n<li>Helps in translocation and storage of carbohydrate and proteins in seeds and tubers\n<\/li>\n<li>Necessary for normal growth of root tips\n<\/li>\n<li>It controls toxicity of aluminum, manganese and sodium ions\n<\/li>\n<li>It improves soil PH<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<ol>\n<li>Causes stunting of root system\n<\/li>\n<li>Weak slender plants\n<\/li>\n<li>Pale yellow colour of leaves <\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>5\u00a0<\/td>\n<td>Magnesium\u00a0<\/td>\n<td>\n<ol>\n<li> It is important in the synthesis of carbohydrate as it is a constituent of chlorophyll\n<\/li>\n<li>It assists in transportation of phosphate for fruit seeds development\n<\/li>\n<li>It enhances plant growth\n<\/li>\n<li>It is required for normal cell division\n<\/li>\n<li>Necessary for synthesis of soil in plants<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<ol>\n<li>Chlorosis along leaf veins\n<\/li>\n<li>Stunted growth Premature leaf fall<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<p>\u00a0<strong>EVALUTION<br \/>\n<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>\n<div>Give five examples each of macro and micro nutrients.\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div>State the functions and deficiency symptoms of sulphur, iron, manganese copper, zinc, boron and molybdenum.\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\u00a0<strong>NITROGEN CYCLES<br \/>\n<\/strong>Nitrogen cycles refer to the circulation of certain nutrients like nitrogen, carbon and water in nature.<br \/>\nNitrogen cycle is the nature&#8217;s way of regulating the amount of Nitrogen in the soil and air<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<strong>Ways by which Nitrogen is added to the soil in Nitrogen Cycle<br \/>\n<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>\n<div>Direct fixation by lightening during rainfall.\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div>Incorporation into the soil by free living bacteria or non-symbolic bacteria.\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div>Nitrogen fixing bacteria in the root nodules.\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div>Decomposition of organic matter.\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div>Application of Nitrogen fertilizer.\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div>Ammonification.\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div>Nitrification.\n<\/div>\n<p>\u00a0<strong>Soil can gain Nitrogen through the following ways<br \/>\n<\/strong><\/li>\n<li>\n<div>Symbiotic Nitrogen Fixation\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div>Electrical discharge\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div>Non symbiotic Nitrogen Fixation\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div>Ammonification and Nitrification\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div>Application or organic manure and Nitrogen fertilizers\n<\/div>\n<p>\u00a0<strong>Ways by which nitrogen is lost from the soil are:<br \/>\n<\/strong><\/li>\n<li>\n<div>By Denitrification\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div>Soil erosion\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div>Leaching\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div>Soil PH\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div>Bush burning\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div>Crop removal\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div>Volatilisation\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div>Oxidation reaction\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div>Reduction reaction\n<\/div>\n<p>\u00a0<strong>Processes that lead to formation of Nitrate from organic matter in Nitrogen Cycle<br \/>\n<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>\n<div>Putrefaction: Delay of plant and animal remains into similar nitrogenous compounds by microorganism\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div>Amminization: Products from putrefaction reactions converted to simple amino compounds and animal\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div>Ammonization:  Conversion of amino compounds and amines into ammonium compounds\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div>Nitrification: Oxidation of ammonium compounds into nitrites and Nitrates\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\u00a0<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/ecolebooks.com\/nigeria\/wp-content\/uploads\/9jalessonsimages\/100323_1305_Week8SS2Th1.jpg\" alt=\"\"\/><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t<strong>CARBON CYCLE<br \/>\n<\/strong>This involves the series of processes which contribute to the circulation of carbon in nature.<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0Explanation<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>\n<div>Carbondioxide is removed from the air mainly by photosynthesis\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div>Carbon is lost in form of carbonates of calcium and magnesium through leaching and drainage.\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>The atmosphere gains carbondioxide through\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div>Burning of fuel like coal and wood\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div>The action of volcanoes which releases carbon dioxide\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div>The respiration of plants and animals\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div>Death and delay and putrefaction of plants and animals\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div>Diffusion of carbon dioxide from seas and other bodies of water\n<\/div>\n<p>\u00a0<strong>IMPORTANCE OF CARBON CYCLE<br \/>\n<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>\n<div>Plant use carbondioxide obtained from the air to manufacture their food during photosynthesis\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div>Provision of carbon which is the essential building block of all organic matters\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div>Organic matter which is made from carbon helps to replenish soil nutrients.\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/ecolebooks.com\/nigeria\/wp-content\/uploads\/9jalessonsimages\/100323_1305_Week8SS2Th2.jpg\" alt=\"\"\/><strong><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/strong><br \/>\n\u00a0<strong>WATER CYCLE<br \/>\n<\/strong>This is the continuous movement of water from the atmosphere to the earth and from the earth to the atmosphere.<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<strong>The atmosphere receives water through<br \/>\n<\/strong><\/li>\n<li>\n<div>Evaporation from oceans and land\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div>Transpiration from plants\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div>Breathing and respiration by plants and animals\n<\/div>\n<p>\u00a0<strong>Land receives water through:<br \/>\n<\/strong><\/li>\n<li>\n<div>Rainfall and precipitation\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div>Infiltration and percolation\n<\/div>\n<p>\u00a0<strong>FORMS IN WHICH WATER EXISTS IN THE SOIL<br \/>\n<\/strong><\/li>\n<li>\n<div>Hygroscopic water\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div>Capillary water\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div>Gravitational water\n<\/div>\n<p>\u00a0<strong>Ways of conserving water in the soil<br \/>\n<\/strong><\/li>\n<li>\n<div>Stoppage or reduction of water-run-off\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div>Addition of humus or organic mature\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div>Removal of weeds to reduce transpiration and water loss\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div>Mulching\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div>Cover cropping\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div>Contour ridging\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div>Appropriate tillage\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div>Strip cropping\n<\/div>\n<p>\u00a0<strong>EVALUATION<br \/>\n<\/strong><\/li>\n<li>\n<div>Explain Nitrification.\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div>List five ways the soil can gain nitrogen.\n<\/div>\n<p>\u00a0<strong>IMPORTANCE OF WATER TO CROPS<br \/>\n<\/strong><\/li>\n<li>\n<div>Water provides the medium for absorption of minerals salts\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div>It facilitates transfer of nutrients to other parts of plants\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div>It is an essential raw material during photosynthesis\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div>Facilities enzymatic activities occurring in crop plant protoplasm\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div>It is a constituent of protoplasm\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div>It has cooling effect on crops\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div>It helps to sustain life\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div>It helps in seed germination\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div>It helps to maintain plant turgor or turgidity\n<\/div>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/ecolebooks.com\/nigeria\/wp-content\/uploads\/9jalessonsimages\/100323_1305_Week8SS2Th3.jpg\" alt=\"\"\/><\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<strong>GENERAL EVALUATION<br \/>\n<\/strong><\/li>\n<li>\n<div>List five importance of water to crops.\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div>List three form which water exist in the soil.\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div>List three ways by which Nitrogen is lost from the soil.\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div>What is macro nutrient? List five examples.\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div>What are micronutrients? List five examples.\n<\/div>\n<p>\u00a0<strong>READING ASIGNMENT<br \/>\n<\/strong>Essential Agricultural Science for Senior Secondary Schools by O.A. Iwena, Chapter 18, pages 187 \u2013 201<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<strong>WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT<br \/>\n<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>\n<div>The conversion of nitrates to nitrogen gas by certain bacteria is ___ (a) oxidation (b) reduction (c) nitrification (d) de-nitrification\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div>Microbial delay of plant and animal remains into simpler nitrogenous compound is ___ (a) nitrification (b) putrefaction (c) leaching (d) burning\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div>The washing away of soil nutrient down beyond the reach of the root is called ___ (a) erosion (b) mulching (c) leading (d) fertilization\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div>The following are macro nutrients expect (a) boron (b) nitrogen (c) magnesium (d) calcium\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div>Which of these is not a micro-element? (a) copper (b) zinc (c) boron (d) potassium\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\u00a0<strong>SECTION B<br \/>\n<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>\n<div>(a) Differentiate between macro and micro nutrients\n<\/div>\n<p>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0(b) List three factors influencing nutrient availability in the soil<br \/>\n2.     \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0(a)  State three function of Nitrogen to plants<br \/>\n       \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0(b)  State three importance of organic matter in Agricultural\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\t\t\t\t\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u00a0WEEK EIGHT TOPIC: PLANT NUTRIENTS AND NUTRIENT CYCLES CONTENT Classify plant nutrients Functions and deficiency&#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1,226],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2764","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-posts","category-first-term-ss2-agricultural-science"],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/ecolebooks.com\/nigeria\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2764","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/ecolebooks.com\/nigeria\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/ecolebooks.com\/nigeria\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ecolebooks.com\/nigeria\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ecolebooks.com\/nigeria\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2764"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/ecolebooks.com\/nigeria\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2764\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2771,"href":"https:\/\/ecolebooks.com\/nigeria\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2764\/revisions\/2771"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/ecolebooks.com\/nigeria\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2764"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ecolebooks.com\/nigeria\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2764"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ecolebooks.com\/nigeria\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2764"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}