{"id":2612,"date":"2023-10-03T10:57:16","date_gmt":"2023-10-03T10:57:16","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/localhost\/ecole9ja\/?p=2612"},"modified":"2023-10-03T11:01:59","modified_gmt":"2023-10-03T11:01:59","slug":"week-3-ss1-third-term-geography-notes","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/ecolebooks.com\/nigeria\/posts\/week-3-ss1-third-term-geography-notes\/","title":{"rendered":"Week 3 – SS1 Third Term Geography Notes"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u00a0WEEK THREE
\n<\/strong>NIGERIA: RELIEF & DRAINAGE
\n<\/strong>Relief refers to the surface features of the land above the sea level. The relief of
\nNigeria can be grouped into two main classes. These are lowlands and highlands.
\nLOWLANDS:<\/strong> These are areas below 300m above the sea level. Areas of lowlands in Nigeria include the following.
\n(i)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0The Sokoto Plain (200 \u2013 300m)
\n(ii)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0The Niger \u2013 Benue Trough \/ Valley (100 \u2013 300m)
\n(iii)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0The Chad Basin or Bornu Plain
\n(iv)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0The Niger Delta (0 \u2013 100)
\n(v)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0The Cross River Basin (120 \u2013 180)
\n(vi)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0The Coastal Plain (0 \u2013 100)
\n(vii)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0The interior coastal lowland of western Nigeria (100 \u2013 300m)<\/p>\n

\u00a0ROCKS ASSOCIATED WITH LOWLANDS
\n<\/strong>(i)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0The coastal plain: Sedimentary rocks of alluvial deposit.
\n(ii)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Niger \u2013 Benue Trough: Sedimentary rocks such as limestone, sandstone and shale.
\n(iii)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Sokoto plain \u2013 Sedimentary rocks like sand, clay, sandstone and limestone.
\n(iv)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Chad basin \u2013 Sedimentary rocks of sand and clay.
\nRocks generally known to be associated with lowlands are sedimentary rocks.<\/p>\n

\u00a0IMPORTANCE OF LOWLANDS
\n<\/strong>(1)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Plains, especially level ones are good for human habitation. Population and settlement are
\nusually concentrated on plains
\n(2)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Some plains are rich sources of minerals like petroleum, coal, etc.
\n(3)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Plains, especially depositional plains are very fertile for agriculture.
\n(4)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Plains, since they are level, favours communication such as roads, railways, and airports.
\n(5)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0rivers and plains (basin) provides jobs e.g fishing.
\n(6)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Rearing of animals are also better done on level grounds.
\n(7)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Some plains have rivers which provide water for so many purposes.<\/p>\n

\u00a0DISADVANTAGES OF PLAINS
\n<\/strong>(1)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Some plains especially in delta areas may be flooded with water. Flooding is an \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0environmental hazard.
\n(2)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Some plains may pose serious barrier to communication, especially in flooded areas.<\/p>\n

\u00a0EVALUATION
\n<\/strong>1. What is relief?
\n2. Mention any three lowland areas in Nigeria.
\n3. Give two importance of lowlands\/plains to man.<\/p>\n

\u00a0HIGHLANDS:<\/strong> These are areas that are over 300m above the sea level. Areas of highlands in Nigeria and their height include the following:-
\n(i)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0The North-Central highlands\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0(ii)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0The Western highlands
\n(iii)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0The Eastern highlands\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0(iv)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0The Eastern scarpland <\/p>\n

\u00a0THE NORTH-CENTRAL HIGHLANDS<\/strong>
\n\tThis lies in the centre of Northern Nigeria around Kano, Kaduna Bauchi, Jigawa and Plateau State. The most important highland in these areas is the Jos Plateau (200 \u2013 1500m). Rivers like Hadeija, Kaduna, and Sokoto etc. take their sources from Jos Plateau. The highest point of Jos Plateau is Shere Hills (1650m).<\/p>\n

\u00a0THE WESTERN HIGHLANDS
\n<\/strong>This is found in the Western part of Nigeria around Ondo, Oyo, Kwara, and Osun State. Important hills in this area include the following:-
\n(i)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Idanre hill (950m)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0(ii)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Apata hill (400 \u2013 700m)
\n(iii)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Epeme hill (350 \u2013 600m)
\nThree important rivers have their sources from these highlands. They are river Ogun, Osun and Osse.<\/p>\n

\u00a0THE EASTERN HIGHLANDS
\n<\/strong>This is found in the border between Nigeria and Cameroun. They have the highest mountain in Nigeria. They include:-<\/p>\n

    \n
  1. \n
    Mandara Mountain (1200 \u2013 1500m)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n
  2. \n
    (ii)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Biu Plateau (800 \u2013 1000m)\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n
  3. \n
    Adamawa Mountain (1800 \u2013 2400m)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n
  4. \n
    (iv)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Alantika and Shebshi Hills (1600 \u2013 2000m)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    (v)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Obudu and Oban hills (1200m)
    \nRivers found in these areas are River Gana, Ngodo and Yedseram which flow to Lake Chad.<\/p>\n

    \u00a0THE EASTERN SCARPLAND
    \n<\/strong>This is found within the eastern region especially around Enugu and Nsukka. The only major highland found in this area is the Udi Nsukka plateau (300 \u2013 600m). Important rivers include Anambra, Imo and Cross River.<\/p>\n

    \u00a0ROCKS ASSOCIATED WITH HIGHLAND
    \n<\/strong>(i)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0North central plateau, Western highland, Mandara Mountain, Shebshi, Alantika, Obudu and Oban hills are made up of basement complex rocks (a combination of igneous and metamorphic rocks).
    \n(ii)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Jos plateau is made up of volcanic rocks.
    \n(iii)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Udi hills are made up of Carboniferous sedimentary rock.<\/p>\n

    \u00a0IMPORTANCE OF HIGHLANDS
    \n<\/strong>1.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Sources of mineral.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0
    \n2.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Formation of rainfall, especially orographic rainfall.
    \n3.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0It is used for defence in times of war.
    \n4.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0It serves as Windbreaks.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0
    \n5.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0They are good source of rivers.
    \n6.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0The rivers provide site for construction of Hydro-Electric Power (HEP).
    \n7.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0They provide tourist centers.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0
    \n8.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0They are used for transhumance.<\/p>\n

    \u00a0DISADVANTAGES OF MOUNTAINS
    \n<\/strong>1.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Barriers to communication.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0
    \n2.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Mountains promote soil erosion.
    \n3.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Mountains occupy good land that would have been used for other purposes.
    \n4.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0They prevent human habitation.
    \n5.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Mountainous soils are poor in nutrients therefore are not good for agriculture. <\/p>\n

    \u00a0EVALUATION QUESTIONS
    \n<\/strong>1. <\/strong>The highest hill in the north- central highlands is the \u2026..?
    \n2. <\/strong>Mention three uplands in the Eastern highlands.
    \n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0
    \nNIGERIA: DRAINAGE
    \n<\/strong>Drainage refers to water bodies like rivers and lakes.<\/p>\n

    \u00a0RIVERS IN NIGERIA
    \n<\/strong>Nigeria is drained by two main rivers \u2013 River Niger and River Benue. River Niger is the largest river in Nigeria and it has its source from Guinea highlands in Guinea. It passes through Mali and Niger Republic to Nigeria and empty itself in the Atlantic ocean.
    \nRiver Benue has its source from the eastern highlands and joins River Niger at Lokoja. Lokoja, because of this, is known as confluence town. Other rivers in Nigeria take their sources from highlands in Nigeria known as Hydrological centers. These are:
    \n(i)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Western Highlands: They have rivers such as Ogun, Osun and Osse.
    \n(ii)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0North-Central Highlands: They have rivers such as Kaduna, Hadeija, Zamfara, Yobe, Gana, Gongola and Rima.
    \n(iii)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Eastern Highlands: They have rivers such as Donga and Katsina-Ala.
    \n(iv)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Eastern Scarplands: They have rivers like Anambra and Cross River.<\/p>\n

    \u00a0CHARACTERISTIC OF NIGERIAN RIVERS<\/strong>
    \n\t1.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0The volume of the rivers changes with seasons. It increases during the rainy season and reduces during the drying season.
    \n2.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Presence of rapids and cataract. This impedes inland navigation.
    \n3.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Presence of debris like dead leaves, mud, wood, etc.
    \n4.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Short courses with high speed.
    \n5.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Specific direction of flow. Rivers in the south flow in the north-south direction while rivers in the north flows in a radial pattern to different directions.
    \n6.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Shallowness.
    \n7.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0The colour changes with season.
    \n8.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Seasonality: Most rivers flow during the rainy season and stop or reduce flowing to flow during the dry season.<\/p>\n

    \u00a0IMPORTANCE OF NIGERIA RIVERS
    \n<\/strong>1.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Medium of transportation.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a02.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Generation of Hydro-Electric Power (H.E.P).
    \n3.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Irrigation purposes.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a04.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Domestic uses.
    \n5.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Industrial uses.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a06.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Provision of employment.
    \n7.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Recreation\/Tourism.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a08.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Source of food supply (fishes, etc).<\/p>\n

    \u00a0EVALUATION QUESTIONS
    \n<\/strong>1. Mention the three major rivers that took their sources from the western highlands.
    \n2. Mention 3 characteristics of Nigerian rivers.<\/p>\n

    \u00a0RIVER BASIN
    \n<\/strong>River basin refers to the area generally drained by a river. River basin is also known as catchment area. In Nigeria, there are five major river basins. These are:-
    \n(i)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0The Niger basin\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0(ii)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0The Benue basin
    \n(iii)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0The Chad basin\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0(iv)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0The Cross River basin
    \n(v)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0The South Atlantic basin<\/p>\n

    \u00a0The rivers in these basins are grouped into 3 classes:
    \n1.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Long rivers with large basin e.g. River Niger and Benue.
    \n2.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Short rivers with small basin e.g. River Osun, Ogun, Cross River etc.
    \n3.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Rivers in basins of inland drainage: These are rivers that do not reach the sea but rather flow into Lake Chad. Examples are River Yobe, Hadeija, Gana and Yedseram.<\/p>\n

    \u00a0IMPORTANCE OF RIVER BASIN
    \n<\/strong>1.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Good site for settlement.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0
    \n2.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Provision of suitable lands for agricultural purposes.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0
    \n3.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Medium of communication due to the presence of rivers.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0
    \n4.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Presence of some mineral deposits.
    \n5.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Provision of water.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0
    \n6.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Provision of sites for fishing.<\/p>\n

    \u00a0LAKES IN NIGERIA
    \n<\/strong>A lake is a body of water surrounded by land. The lakes are grouped into two major types:
    \n1.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Man\/Made or Artificial lakes: They are lakes constructed by man e.g. lake kainji on River Niger and Shiroro lake on River Kaduna.
    \n2.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Natural lake: These are lakes which exist naturally e.g. Lake Chad.<\/p>\n

    \u00a0GENERAL EVALUATION QUESTIONS<\/strong><\/p>\n

      \n
    1. \n
      What is a basin?\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n
    2. \n
      What is a lake?\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n
    3. \n
      State the features of Nigeria rivers.\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n
    4. \n
      State the importance of river basin.\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n
    5. \n
      Explain the solar system.\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

      \u00a0READING ASSIGNMENT
      \n<\/strong>Essential Geography, O.A. Iwena Pages 234-236.<\/p>\n

      \u00a0WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT
      \n<\/strong>1.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Lowlands refer to places that are below ________ above the sea level. (a) 800m\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0
      \n\t\t<\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0(b) 500m (c) 300m (d) 100m
      \n2.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0The rock types found in most lowland is (a) Igneous rocks (b) Sedimentary rocks\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0
      \n(c) Metamorphic rocks (d) calcorious rock
      \n3.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Which of these hills is found in the Eastern Scarpland (a) Idanre hill (b) Apata Hill
      \n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0(c) Oban Hill\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0(d) Udi Hill
      \n4.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Which of these rivers is sourced from the North-Central highlands (a) Imo (b) \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Ogun
      \n(c) Hadeija (d) Osse
      \n5.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Which of these hills is composed of volcanic rocks (a) Jos Plateau (b) Epeme hill\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 (c) Udi hill (d) Mandara hill\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

      \u00a0THEORY
      \n<\/strong>1.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0List three importance of lowlands.
      \n2.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Write one natural lake and one artificial lake.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n

      \u00a0
      \n\u00a0<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

      \u00a0WEEK THREE NIGERIA: RELIEF & DRAINAGE Relief refers to the surface features of the land…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1,217],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2612","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-posts","category-third-term-ss1-geography"],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/ecolebooks.com\/nigeria\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2612","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/ecolebooks.com\/nigeria\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/ecolebooks.com\/nigeria\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ecolebooks.com\/nigeria\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ecolebooks.com\/nigeria\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2612"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/ecolebooks.com\/nigeria\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2612\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2613,"href":"https:\/\/ecolebooks.com\/nigeria\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2612\/revisions\/2613"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/ecolebooks.com\/nigeria\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2612"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ecolebooks.com\/nigeria\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2612"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ecolebooks.com\/nigeria\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2612"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}