{"id":2434,"date":"2023-10-03T06:36:53","date_gmt":"2023-10-03T06:36:53","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/localhost\/ecole9ja\/?p=2434"},"modified":"2023-10-03T06:43:28","modified_gmt":"2023-10-03T06:43:28","slug":"week-6-ss1-third-term-agricultural-science-notes","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/ecolebooks.com\/nigeria\/posts\/week-6-ss1-third-term-agricultural-science-notes\/","title":{"rendered":"Week 6 – SS1 Third Term Agricultural Science Notes"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u00a0
\n\u00a0\u00a0
\n\u00a0WEEK SIX <\/strong>
\n\t\tREPRODUCTION IN FARM ANIMALS <\/strong>
\n\t\tReproduction is the process that gives rise to young in farm animals; it is the ability of animals to birth young. This process starts when the animal is sexually matured. Time of sexual maturity varies between animals, in cattle it takes up to 15 months, in goat and sheep about 6 months, poultry about 18 weeks etc. The following terms are associated with reproduction in farm animals.
\n\u00a0
\n\u00a0OESTRUS CYCLE <\/strong>
\n\t\tThis is the interval from the end of one heat period to the beginning of another. It is under the influence of hormone called oestrogen.It is the sexual cycle that occurs in all female animals if the animal is not pregnant. The period varies among farm animals:
\nCow \u2013 20 \u2013 21 days
\nEwe \u2013 17 \u2013 21 days
\nSow \u2013 14 \u2013 28 days
\nDoe (goat) \u2013 17 \u2013 21 days
\nDoe (rabbit) – spontaneous
\n\u00a0
\n\u00a0OVULATION <\/strong>
\n\t\tThis is rupturing of ovarian wall to release egg into the fallopian tube in farm animals; a process is controlled by luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH). It varies among
\nfarm animals
\nCow => 10 \u2013 14 hours
\nEwe => 20 \u2013 24 hours
\nSow => 24 \u2013 36 hours
\nDoe (goat) => 12 \u2013 36 hours
\nDoe (rabbit) => spontaneous
\n\u00a0
\n\u00a0HEAT PERIOD <\/strong>
\n\t\tThis is the period in which female animals have the urge to copulate or accept the male animal. The female show signs of readiness to mate. It is controlled by oestrogen. It varies among farm animals
\nCow => 5 \u2013 24 hours
\nEwe => 35 \u2013 36 hours
\nSow => 40 \u2013 48 hours
\nDoe (goat) => 40 \u2013 50 hours
\nDoe (rabbit) =>spontaneous
\n\u00a0
\n\u00a0SIGNS OF HEAT IN FARM ANIMALS <\/p>\n

    \n
  1. \n
    Restlessness\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n
  2. \n
    Mucus secretion by the cervix\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n
  3. \n
    Swollen and reddened vulva\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n
  4. \n
    Loss of appetite and frequent urination\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n
  5. \n
    Viscous secretion comes from the vagina and these arouse and excite the males\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n
  6. \n
    Abnormal body temperature\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n
  7. \n
    Grunting\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n
  8. \n
    Frequent urination\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n
  9. \n
    Standing still to be mounted on\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    \u00a0
    \n\u00a0In summary, ovulation (release of eggs) then heat period (receptivity to mating) then oestrus period (preparatory period for next ovulation)\/pregnancy if there is successful mating that leads to fertilization. <\/strong>
    \n\t\t\u00a0
    \n\u00a0EVALUATION <\/strong><\/p>\n

      \n
    1. \n
      Differentiate between oestrus cycle and heat period.\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n
    2. \n
      List the duration of ovulation in cow, pig, goat and rabbit.\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

      \u00a0
      \n\u00a0MATING <\/strong>
      \n\t\tThis is also called coitus or copulation (sexual intercourse). This is the act in which the penis of the male animal is inserted into the vaginal of the female animal leading to introduction of sperm into the vagina. Mating could be natural or artificial.
      \n\u00a0
      \n\u00a0NATURAL MATING
      \nIt occurs when a male after identifying a female on heat, mates with the female animal. Examples of natural mating include: <\/p>\n

        \n
      1. \n
        FLOCK MATING\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

        This is a deliberate act in which the male and female animal are allowed to move together
        \nADVANTAGES FLOCK MATING <\/p>\n

          \n
        1. \n
          All animals have freedom to participate in sexual intercourse\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n
        2. \n
          The farmer is saved the labor and cost of monitoring breeding\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n
        3. \n
          All female may be mated because the number of males are widely spread\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

          \u00a0
          \n\u00a0DISADVANTAGES FLOCK MATING <\/p>\n

            \n
          1. \n
            A female may be mated by more than one male thereby paternity become a difficult thing to determine\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n
          2. \n
            Two female may be on heat at the same time, thereby leading to the mating of only one of them.\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

            \u00a0
            \n\u00a0<\/p>\n

              \n
            1. \n
              PEN MATING\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

              This form of mating occurs in pigs and poultry. A male is given a specific number of female depending on the strength of the breed. About 1 male to 20 females on heat
              \n\u00a0
              \n\u00a0ADVANTAGES PEN MATING <\/p>\n

                \n
              1. \n
                In poultry female eggs can be produced\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n
              2. \n
                There is tendency of servicing female on heat\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                \u00a0
                \n\u00a0DISADVANTAGES PEN MATING <\/p>\n

                  \n
                1. \n
                  The spread of venereal diseases may be rampant\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n
                2. \n
                  Deformed male may not be able to mate\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                  \u00a0
                  \n\u00a0<\/p>\n

                    \n
                  1. \n
                    STUD MATING\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                    A male (stud)with proven qualities is kept in a room in this type. Any female that is on heat is led to it for mating and thereafter the female is removed.
                    \n\u00a0
                    \n\u00a0ADVANTAGES STUD MATING <\/p>\n

                      \n
                    1. \n
                      The paternity of the offspring can be identified\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n
                    2. \n
                      It is a good system of upgrading the breed because only male with both proven quality is used.\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                      \u00a0
                      \n\u00a0DISADVANTAGES STUD MATING <\/p>\n

                        \n
                      1. \n
                        The spread of venereal diseases may be rampant.\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n
                      2. \n
                        It takes a lot of expertise to practice.\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                        \u00a0
                        \n\u00a0ARTIFICIAL MATING
                        \nThis is called artificial insemination, which involves the act of inserting the spermatozoa artificially into the vagina of female animals on heat. The sperm is collected from a male animal with desired characters with the aid of an artificial vagina, massage method, etc. Sperm collected is stored in liquid nitrogen at -196\u00b0C.
                        \n\u00a0
                        \n\u00a0ADVANTAGES ARTIFICIAL MATING <\/p>\n

                          \n
                        1. \n
                          The semen can be used over a long time even after the death of the male animal.\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n
                        2. \n
                          It is more economical as it reduces the cost of feeding and managing male animals.\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                          \u00a0
                          \n\u00a0DISADVANTAGES ARTIFICIAL MATING <\/p>\n

                            \n
                          1. \n
                            It requires expertise which may not be readily available.\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n
                          2. \n
                            Difficulty in detecting female animals on heat may limit success.\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                            \u00a0
                            \n\u00a0EVALUATION<\/strong>
                            \n\t\t\t<\/em><\/p>\n

                              \n
                            1. \n
                              Explain briefly the term artificial mating.\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n
                            2. \n
                              Mention two advantages and two disadvantages of artificial mating\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n
                            3. \n
                              State two ways of collecting semen from male animals.\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n
                            4. \n
                              Differentiate between ovulation, heat period and oestrus cycle\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n
                            5. \n
                              List five sign of heat in animals.\n<\/div>\n

                              \u00a0
                              \n\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                              FERTILIZATION <\/strong>
                              \n\t\tThis is the fusion of the male and female sex cells spermatozoa and ovum respectively. This process occurs in the Fallopian tube or oviduct.
                              \n\u00a0
                              \n\u00a0IMPLANTATION <\/strong>
                              \n\t\tThis is the attachment of zygote (fertilized egg) to the wall of the uterus after fertilization. The zygote develops into a foetus and continues to grow till time of parturition.
                              \n\u00a0
                              \n\u00a0GESTATION PERIOD <\/strong>
                              \n\t\tThis is a period between fertilization of an ovum to the birth of young ones, conception and
                              \nbirth. During gestation, female animals do not come on heat. It is under the control of hormone called progesterone (Pregnancy hormone).
                              \n\u00a0
                              \n\u00a0FEATURES OF GESTATION PERIOD <\/p>\n

                                \n
                              1. \n
                                There is swelling of abdomen\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n
                              2. \n
                                There is swelling of adder\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n
                              3. \n
                                There is increase in body weight\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                                \u00a0
                                \n\u00a0<\/p>\n

                                \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
                                SPECIES<\/td>\nNAME OF FEMALE<\/td>\nGESTATION PERIOD<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                Horse
                                \nCattle<\/td>\n                                		Mare
                                \nCow<\/td>\n                                		336 days
                                \n283 days<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                Goat<\/td>\nDoe<\/td>\n150 days<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                Sheep<\/td>\nEwe<\/td>\n150 days<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                Pig<\/td>\nSow<\/td>\n114 days<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                Rabbit
                                \nChicken<\/td>\n                                		Doe
                                \nHen<\/td>\n                                		31days
                                \n21 days<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n

                                \u00a0
                                \n\u00a0PARTURITION <\/strong>
                                \n\t\tThis is the act of giving birth in farm animals. It marks the end of pregnancy and the beginning of lactation. The act of parturition for each animal is unique.
                                \nCow \u2013 Calving
                                \nSow \u2013 Farrowing
                                \nEwe \u2013 Lambing
                                \nGoat (Doe) \u2013 Kidding
                                \nRabbit (Doe) \u2013 Kindling
                                \nPoultry \u2013 hatching
                                \n\u00a0
                                \n\u00a0SIGNS OF APPROACHING PARTURITION <\/p>\n

                                  \n
                                1. \n
                                  Mammary glands enlarge and begin to secrete milk substance\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n
                                2. \n
                                  Vulva swells and become soft\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n
                                3. \n
                                  There may be thick mucus discharge\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n
                                4. \n
                                  The animal become restless lies down and get up frequently\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n
                                5. \n
                                  The animal urinate frequently\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n
                                6. \n
                                  Loss of appetite\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n
                                7. \n
                                  The animal tries to build a nest and beds e.g. in rabbit\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                                  \u00a0
                                  \n\u00a0EVALUATION <\/strong><\/p>\n

                                    \n
                                  1. \n
                                    Write short note on: i) Gestation ii) Parturition\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n
                                  2. \n
                                    State five signs of parturition in farm animals.\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n
                                  3. \n
                                    What name is given to parturition ina) Sheepb) Cattlec) Pig\n<\/div>\n

                                    \u00a0
                                    \n\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                                    LACTATION <\/strong>
                                    \n\t\tThis is the period during which the female releases milk from its udder immediately after parturition and thereafter. Lactation is under the control of hormone called oxytocin, it can be increased by injecting animal with oxytocin.
                                    \nLactation is also be stimulated by the presence of the young ones, presence of a milker, the use of hand to rub the udder and the use of machine to milk the cow. The milk from goat is the best and richest of all the animals. Milk collected from animals is made fit for consumption via a process known as pasteurization.
                                    \n\u00a0
                                    \n\u00a0COLOSTRUM <\/strong>
                                    \n\t\tThis is the milk produced immediately after parturition within the first five days of milk production is essentially colostrum. It is yellowish-white milk. It is important for the new born animals to take colostrum because <\/p>\n

                                      \n
                                    1. \n
                                      It contain some anti-biotic against diseases to which the mother has been exposed.\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n
                                    2. \n
                                      It enables the new born to get immunity against diseases\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n
                                    3. \n
                                      It is rich in protein especially albumin and globulins\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n
                                    4. \n
                                      It is rich in vitamins.\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n
                                    5. \n
                                      It is highly digestible and has a laxative effect which helps the young ones to expel the feaces.\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                                      \u00a0
                                      \n\u00a0READING ASSIGNMENT <\/strong><\/p>\n

                                        \n
                                      • \n
                                        Essential Agricultural Science for Senior Secondary Schools by O. A. Iwena pages 281 \u2013 288.\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n
                                      • \n
                                        Essential Biology for Senior Secondary Schools by M. C. Micheal pages 337\u2013 344.\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n
                                      • \n
                                        Answer the following questions from WAEC PAQ 2007 theory question 7, 2016 theory question 4 and 5c, 1991 theory question 7, 1994 theory question 7 and 2015 theory question 4b\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                        \u00a0
                                        \n\u00a0GENERAL EVALUATION <\/strong><\/p>\n

                                          \n
                                        1. \n
                                          What is reproduction in farm animals?\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n
                                        2. \n
                                          What is implantation?\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n
                                        3. \n
                                          Lists five signs of approaching parturition\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n
                                        4. \n
                                          Why is colostrum important for the new born animals?\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                                          \u00a0
                                          \n\u00a0WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT <\/strong><\/p>\n

                                            \n
                                          1. \n
                                            The interval from the end of a heat period to the beginning of another is ____\n<\/div>\n

                                            A. ovulation B.anaestrusC.oestrus cycle D. implantation\n<\/li>\n

                                          2. \n
                                            The following are influence by oestrogen hormone except A. lactation B. ovulation\n<\/div>\n

                                            C.oestrusD. heat\n<\/li>\n

                                          3. \n
                                            Natural mating predisposes animals to ____ diseases A. cholera B. venereal C. malaria\n<\/div>\n

                                            D.dounch\n<\/li>\n

                                          4. \n
                                            A male animal with desirable characters kept mainly for mating is called a ____\n<\/div>\n

                                            A.dounchB. stud C. bull C. heifer\n<\/li>\n

                                          5. The gestation period of a pig is A. 150 days B. 114 days C. 32 days D. 280 days\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                                            \u00a0
                                            \n\u00a0THEORY <\/strong><\/p>\n

                                              \n
                                            1. Write short note on the development of an embryo.\n<\/li>\n
                                            2. Describe the right positioning of a lamb prior to expulsion.\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                                              \"\"\/\"\"\/<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

                                              \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0WEEK SIX REPRODUCTION IN FARM ANIMALS Reproduction is the process that gives rise…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1,206],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2434","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-posts","category-third-term-ss1-agricultural-science"],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/ecolebooks.com\/nigeria\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2434","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/ecolebooks.com\/nigeria\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/ecolebooks.com\/nigeria\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ecolebooks.com\/nigeria\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ecolebooks.com\/nigeria\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2434"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/ecolebooks.com\/nigeria\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2434\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2436,"href":"https:\/\/ecolebooks.com\/nigeria\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2434\/revisions\/2436"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/ecolebooks.com\/nigeria\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2434"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ecolebooks.com\/nigeria\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2434"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ecolebooks.com\/nigeria\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2434"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}