{"id":2004,"date":"2023-10-02T08:13:22","date_gmt":"2023-10-02T08:13:22","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/localhost\/ecole9ja\/?p=2004"},"modified":"2023-10-02T08:16:55","modified_gmt":"2023-10-02T08:16:55","slug":"week-5-ss1-first-term-biology-notes","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/ecolebooks.com\/nigeria\/posts\/week-5-ss1-first-term-biology-notes\/","title":{"rendered":"Week 5 – SS1 First Term Biology Notes"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u00a0WEEK FIVE
\n<\/strong>PLANT NUTRITION
\n<\/strong>Nutrition is defined as the process by which living organisms obtain and utilize food material from external environment for metabolic activities such as respiration, growth, excretion and reproduction.
\nPhotosynthetic or holophytic Nutrition<\/strong> is defined as a process whereby green plant manufacture their own organic food from simple inorganic substances such as carbon (iv) oxide, water, sunlight and chlorophyll producing oxygen as by- product. The process can be summarized by equation as shown below
\n\"\"\/6CO2<\/sub>+6H2<\/sub>O Sunlight energy C6<\/sub>H12<\/sub>O6<\/sub>+6CO2<\/sub>
\n\t\t \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Chlorophyll
\nPhotosynthesis occurs in two stages namely the LIGHT REACTION and the DARK REACTION.
\n<\/strong>The first stage which is the light reaction is dependent on light. The light energy is absorbed by the chlorophyll is used to break water into hydroxyl (OH–<\/sup>) and hydrogen (H+<\/sup>) ions. The process of splitting water molecule by light energy into hydroxyl and hydrogen ions is called PHOTOLYSIS. The importance of this stage is to transfer the light energy to chemical energy of ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate) and make reduced NADP (Nicotinamide Adenine dinuclestide phosphate). In the dark, this energy is converted to chemical energy in organic compound.
\n\"\"\/\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Sunlight
\n\"\"\/Chlorophyll
\n\"\"\/\"\"\/\"\"\/2H2<\/sub>0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a020H–<\/sup> +2H+<\/sup> ADP+ PI ATP
\n\"\"\/\"\"\/
\n\t\t Water hydroxyl hydrogen
\nSome electrons omitted from chlorophyll and which have lost their energy combine with hydrogen ions to form hydrogen atoms.
\n\"\"\/\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a02H+2e– <\/sup>2H
\n\t\t\t<\/sup>
\n\t\t\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0The hydrogen atoms are used to reduce the hydrogen accept or NADP to become NADPH2
\n<\/sub>\"\"\/\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/sub>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a02H + NADP \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0NADPH2<\/sub>
\n\t\t\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0The hydroxyl ion (OH–<\/sup>) gives an electron to the unstable chlorophyll+ <\/sup>to make it stable. The resulting OH form water and oxygen. The oxygen is a waste product of photosynthesis and diffuses out into the atmosphere
\n\"\"\/\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a040H 2H2<\/sub>0 + 02<\/sub>
\n\t\t\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0The second stage which is dark reaction stage, sugars are built from hydrogen and carbohydrates through a series of complex reactions involving enzymes.
\nIn the dark reaction, carbon (iv) oxide combines with a five-carbon sugar (ribulose diphosphate) to give two molecules of phosphoglyceric acid (PGA). The phosphoglyceric acid is converted to carbohydrate in the presence of ATP and NADPH2 <\/sub>. Other products of photosynthesis are proteins and fats which are made according to the need of plants
\nCO2<\/sub>+2H2<\/sub>O light (CH2<\/sub>O) + H2<\/sub>0 + 02<\/sub>
\n\t\t\"\"\/\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Chlorophyll\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 (sugar) (water) (oxygen)
\nThe main product formed during photosynthesis is simple sugar. The simple sugar formed is partly used by the plant and excess of it is converted to starch immediately for starch immediately for storage. The starch is then transported to other part of the plant through the phloem vessel for storage in the process of TRANSLOCATION.<\/p>\n

\u00a0Importances of Photosynthesis
\n<\/strong>i.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Production of food for living things
\nii.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0The process purifies atmosphere by making use of carbon (iv) oxide in the air
\niii.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0It maintain oxygen balance of the atmosphere by release more
\niv.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0It serves as a building block for other substances to be formed e.g. protein and oil<\/p>\n

\u00a0CHEMOSYNTHETIC NUTRITION<\/strong>
\n\t\tThis is a process where certain bacteria which are autotrophs manufacture their own food from simple inorganic substance such as carbon (iv) oxide, water, hydrogen sulphide by using the chemical energy released during the process as their source of energy. The bacteria have enzyme system capable of trapping chemical energy.
\nFor example, the Sulphur bacteria in the soil can oxidize hydrogen sulphide around it to chemical energy.
\n\"\"\/2H2<\/sub>S + O2<\/sub> S + 2H2<\/sub>O + Chemical energy
\nExperiments to test for photosynthesis
\n<\/strong>Experiment 1
\nAim: To test for the presence of starch in leaf
\nMaterial Required: Fresh leaves from outdoor plant, beaker, boiling tubes, dropping tube, white tile and iodine solution.
\nMethod: First boil the leaf in water for 4-6 minutes so as to
\n(i)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Kill the cell
\n(ii)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0To inactivate the enzyme
\n(iii)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0To burst starch grain present
\nThen dip the leaf into a test tube containing 90% alcohol to decolourise the leaf. After that the leaf is dipped into water to soften it later pour few drops of iodine solution on the leaf in the control experiment a leaf from a plant kept in the dark cupboard is plucked and tested for starch.
\nObservation: The leaf that was plucked from potted plant outside turned blue-black with iodine solution while the other leaf control experiment remained colourless.
\nConclusion: Since the leaf in the real experiment has turned blue-black with iodine solution, it shows that photosynthesis has taken place or starch is present in the leaf.<\/p>\n

\u00a0
\n\u00a0Experiment II
\nAim:<\/strong> To show that sunlight is necessary for photosynthesis
\nMaterial Required<\/strong>: A potted plant, strip of black, paper, clips, cupboard
\nMethod<\/strong>: The potted plant is first de-starched by putting it in a dark cupboard for 1-2days. This is to remove all the traces of starch formed in the leaves. After this, the middle of o ne of the leaves is covered by a strip of black paper, both at the front and back with the acid of clip. The whole plant is then placed in sunlight.
\nAfter about 3-5hours, the paper is removed, the leaf is then tested for starch.
\nObservation<\/strong>: Only the exposed parts turned blue-black with the iodine solution which shows the presence of starch while the area that was covered with black paper will remain colourless showing that starch is absent
\n\"\"\/<\/p>\n

\u00a0
\n\u00a0
\n\u00a0
\n\u00a0
\n\u00a0
\n\u00a0Conclusion:<\/strong> The experiment shows that sunlight is necessary for photosynthesis
\nExperiment III
\nAim<\/strong>: To show that carbon (iv) oxide is necessary for photosynthesis
\nMaterial Required<\/strong>: A potted plant, Vaseline, conical flask, split cork, retort stand and caustic soda (sodium hydroxide solution)
\nMethod:<\/strong> Use a leaf attached to a potted plant. The leaf is enclosed in the conical flask contains caustic soda solution. The solution will absorbs any traces of carbon (iv) oxide inside the flask. The flask’s mouth is corked and smeared with Vaseline at the neck to make it air tight. The whole experiment is now exposed to sunlight for several hours. Two leaves (one from the flask) and the other outside the flask (control experiment) are plucked and tested for starch.
\nObservation:<\/strong> After testing the leaf inside the flask did not show blue-black colour indicating absence of starch formation because of lack of carbon (iv) oxide inside the flask while the leaf outside has a positive test
\n\"\"\/Conclusion: The experiment emphasizes the importance of carbon (iv) oxide in photosynthesis to take place<\/p>\n

\u00a0Experiment IV
\nAim<\/strong>: To show that chlorophyll is necessary for photosynthesis
\n<\/strong>Material<\/strong> Required: A variegated plant like croton, coleus or acalpha plant. A variegated plant has green and white patches on the leaf.
\nMethod: <\/strong>The potted variegated plant is exposed to sunlight for about 3-5hours after which a variegated leaf is plucked fresh from the plant during the day time when there is sunlight. The variegated leaf is tested for starch
\nObservation<\/strong>: It will be noticed that the green plants of the variegated leaf are stained blue black with iodine solution while the parts remain colourless
\nConclusion<\/strong>: The experiment shows that chlorophyll is necessary for photosynthesis to take place
\n\"\"\/<\/p>\n

\u00a0
\n\u00a0
\n\u00a0
\n\u00a0
\n\u00a0Experiment V
\nAim:<\/strong> To show that oxygen is give out as by-product during photosynthesis
\nMaterial Required<\/strong>: A water plant e.g. Elodea, glass funnel, beaker, water, test-tube, glowing splinter
\nMethod:<\/strong> An elodea plant is kept in a beaker filled with water. This is followed by the filling of the test tube with water and then inverts it over the stem of the funnel. The whole set-up is then placed in the sunlight for several hours. Tiny bubbles of gas will start to appear on the surface of the leaves and accumulate at the top of the test tube. The gas is tested with a glowing splinter
\nObservation:<\/strong> It will be seen that the gas formed at the top of the tube rekindles glowing splinter showing the presence of oxygen.
\n\"\"\/Conclusion:<\/strong> The experiment shows that oxygen is given off a by-product during photosynthesis<\/p>\n

\u00a0
\n\u00a0
\n\u00a0
\n\u00a0
\n\u00a0
\n\u00a0
\n\u00a0ASSIGNMENT
\n<\/strong>WEEK FIVE
\n<\/strong>1a.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Define Photosynthesis?
\n b.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Describe the light reaction stage
\n c.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Explain how photosynthesis occur in green plant
\n d.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0List five conditions necessary for photosynthesis <\/p>\n

\t\t\u00a0<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u00a0WEEK FIVE PLANT NUTRITION Nutrition is defined as the process by which living organisms obtain…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1,177],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2004","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-posts","category-first-term-ss1-biology"],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/ecolebooks.com\/nigeria\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2004","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/ecolebooks.com\/nigeria\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/ecolebooks.com\/nigeria\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ecolebooks.com\/nigeria\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ecolebooks.com\/nigeria\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2004"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/ecolebooks.com\/nigeria\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2004\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2005,"href":"https:\/\/ecolebooks.com\/nigeria\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2004\/revisions\/2005"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/ecolebooks.com\/nigeria\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2004"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ecolebooks.com\/nigeria\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2004"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ecolebooks.com\/nigeria\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2004"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}