{"id":1253,"date":"2023-09-27T13:54:41","date_gmt":"2023-09-27T13:54:41","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/localhost\/ecole9ja\/?p=1253"},"modified":"2023-09-27T13:56:10","modified_gmt":"2023-09-27T13:56:10","slug":"week-9-jss-2-third-term-cultural-and-creative-art-cca-lesson-notes","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/ecolebooks.com\/nigeria\/posts\/week-9-jss-2-third-term-cultural-and-creative-art-cca-lesson-notes\/","title":{"rendered":"Week 9 – Jss 2 Third Term Cultural And Creative Art (CCA) Lesson Notes"},"content":{"rendered":"

CLASS; J S S 2 WEEK 9<\/strong>
\n\t\t\tTOPIC;
\n\t\t\t\t\tTIE \u2013 DYE.
\n<\/strong>Tie-dye\u00a0is a modern term invented in the mid-1960s in the United States for a set of ancient\u00a0resist-dyeing\u00a0techniques, and for the products of these processes. The process of tie-dye typically consists of folding, twisting, pleating, or crumpling fabric or a garment and binding with string or rubber bands, followed by application of dye(s). The manipulations of the fabric prior to application of dye are called resists, as they partially or completely prevent the applied dye from coloring the fabric. More sophisticated tie-dyes involve additional steps, including an initial application of dye prior to the resist, multiple sequential dye and resist steps, and the use of other types of resists (stitching, stencils) and discharge.
\nUnlike regular resist-dyeing techniques, tie-dye is characterized by the use of bright, saturated primary colors and bold patterns. These patterns, including the spiral, mandala, and peace sign, and the use of multiple bold colors, have become cliched since the peak popularity of tie-dye in the 1960s and 1970s. The vast majority of currently produced tie-dyes use these designs, and many are mass-produced for wholesale distribution. However, a new interest in more ‘sophisticated’ tie-dye is emerging in the fashion industry, characterized by simple motifs, monochromatic color schemes, and a focus on fashionable garments and fabrics other than cotton.\u00a0A few artists\u00a0continue to pursue tie-dye as an art form rather than a commodity.\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n

Dyeing
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\n\t\t\t\t<\/h2>\n

Pigments for sale at a market inGoa,\u00a0India. Cotton being dyed manually in contemporary India.<\/p>\n

\u00a0Dyeing<\/strong>\u00a0is the process of adding color to\u00a0textile\u00a0products like\u00a0fibers,\u00a0yarns, and\u00a0fabrics. Dyeing is normally done in a special\u00a0solution\u00a0containing\u00a0dyes\u00a0and particular chemical material. After dyeing, dye\u00a0molecules\u00a0have uncut\u00a0chemical bond\u00a0with fiber molecules. Thetemperature\u00a0and time controlling are two key factors in dyeing. There are mainly two classes of dye,\u00a0natural\u00a0and\u00a0man-made.
\nThe primary source of dye, historically, has generally been\u00a0nature, with the dyes being extracted from\u00a0animals\u00a0or\u00a0plants. Since the mid-18th century, however, humans have produced artificial dyes to achieve a broader range of colors and to render the dyes more stable to resist washing and general use. Different classes of dyes are used for different types of fiber and at different stages of the textile production process, from loose fibers through\u00a0yarn\u00a0and cloth to complete garments.
\nAcrylic fibers\u00a0are dyed with basic dyes, while\u00a0nylon\u00a0and protein fibers such as\u00a0wool\u00a0andsilk\u00a0are dyed with\u00a0acid dyes, and\u00a0polyester\u00a0yarn is dyed with\u00a0disperse dyes.\u00a0Cotton\u00a0is dyed with a range of dye types, including\u00a0vat dyes, and modern synthetic reactive and direct dyes.<\/p>\n

\u00a0A variety of dyes can be used in tie-dyeing, including household, fiber reactive, acid, and vat dyes.\u00a0Most early (1960s) tie-dyes were made with retail household dyes, particularly those made by Rit. In order to be effective on different fibers, these dyes are composed of several different dyes, and thus are less effective, and more likely to bleed and fade, than pure dyes designed for specific fibers. This is the basis for the famous ‘pink socks’ phenomenon that occurs when fabrics dyed with mixed dyes are washed with other garments. Most tie-dyes are now dyed with\u00a0Procion\u00a0MX fiber\u00a0reactive dyes, a class of dyes effective on\u00a0cellulose fibers\u00a0such as cotton, hemp, rayon, and linen. This class of dyes reacts with fibers at\u00a0basic (high) pH, forming a wash-fast, permanent bond. Soda ash (sodium carbonate) is the most common agent used to raise the\u00a0pH\u00a0and initiate the reaction, and is either added directly to the dye, or in a solution of water in which garments are soaked before dyeing. Procion dyes are relatively safe and simple to use,\u00a0and are the same dyes used commercially to color cellulosic fabrics.
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\n\t\tProtein-based fibers\u00a0such as silk, wool, and feathers, as well as the synthetic polyamide fiber,\u00a0nylon, can be dyed with\u00a0acid dyes. As may be expected from the name, acid dyes are effective at\u00a0acidic (low) pH, where they form\u00a0ionic bonds\u00a0with the fiber. Acid dyes are also relatively safe (some are used as food dyes) and simple to use.\u00a0Vat dyes, including\u00a0indigo, are a third class of dyes that are effective on cellulosic fibers and silk. Vat dyes are insoluble in water in their unreduced form, and the vat dye must be\u00a0chemically reduced\u00a0before they can be used to color fabric. This is accomplished by heating the dye in a strongly basic solution of\u00a0sodium hydroxide\u00a0(lye) or\u00a0sodium carbonate\u00a0(caustic potash) containing a\u00a0reducing agent\u00a0such as\u00a0sodium hydrosulfite\u00a0or\u00a0thiourea dioxide. The fabric is immersed in the dye bath, and after removal the vat dye\u00a0oxidizes\u00a0to its insoluble form, binding with high wash-fastness to the fiber. However, vat dyes, and especially indigo, must be treated after dyeing by ‘soaping’ to prevent the dye from rubbing (crocking) off.\u00a0Vat dyes can be used to simultaneously dye the fabric and to remove underlying fiber-reactive dye (i.e., can dye a black cotton fabric yellow) because of the bleaching action of the reducing bath (see below). The extra complexity and safety issues (particularly when using strong bases such as lye) restrict use of vat dyes in tie-dye to experts.
\nDischarge agents are used to bleach color from previously-dyed fabrics, and can be used in a sort of reverse tie-dye. Household bleach (sodium hypochlorite) can be used to discharge fiber reactive dyes on bleach-resistant fibers such as cotton or hemp (but not on wool or silk), though the results are variable, as some fiber reactive dyes are more resistant to bleach than others. It is important to bleach only as long as required to obtain the desired shade, and to neutralize the bleach with agents such as\u00a0sodium bisulfite, to prevent damage to the fibers.\u00a0Thiourea dioxide\u00a0is another commonly used discharge agent that can be used on cotton, wool, or silk. A thiourea dioxide discharge bath is made with hot water is made mildly basic with sodium carbonate. The results of thiourea dioxide discharge differ significantly from bleach discharge. Discharge techniques, particularly using household bleach, are a readily accessible way to tie-dye without use of often messy and relatively expensive dyes.
\nDesigns and patterns
\n\"\"
\n\t\tTie-dying, particularly after the introduction of affordable\u00a0Rit\u00a0dyes, became popular as a cheap and accessible way to customize inexpensive T-shirts, singlet, dresses, jeans, army surplus clothing, and other garments into psychedelic creations.
\n\t\t\t<\/sup>Some of the leading names in tie-dye at this time were Water Baby Dye Works (run by Ann Thomas and Maureen Mubeem), Bert Bliss, and\u00a0Up Tied, the latter winning a Coty Award\u00a0for “major creativity in fabrics” in 1970.\u00a0Up Tied created tie-dyed velvets and silk chiffons which were used for exclusive one-of-a-kind garments by Halston,\u00a0Donald Brooks, and Gayle Kirkpatrick,\u00a0whilst another tie-dyer, Smooth Tooth Inc. dyed garments for\u00a0Dior\u00a0and Jonathan Logan.\u00a0In late 1960s London, Gordon Deighton created tie-dyed shirts and trousers for young fashionable men which he sold through the\u00a0Simpsons of Piccadilly\u00a0department store in London.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

CLASS; J S S 2 WEEK 9 TOPIC; TIE \u2013 DYE. Tie-dye\u00a0is a modern term…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1,120],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1253","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-posts","category-third-term-jss2-fine-art"],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/ecolebooks.com\/nigeria\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1253","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/ecolebooks.com\/nigeria\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/ecolebooks.com\/nigeria\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ecolebooks.com\/nigeria\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ecolebooks.com\/nigeria\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1253"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/ecolebooks.com\/nigeria\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1253\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1254,"href":"https:\/\/ecolebooks.com\/nigeria\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1253\/revisions\/1254"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/ecolebooks.com\/nigeria\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1253"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ecolebooks.com\/nigeria\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1253"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ecolebooks.com\/nigeria\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1253"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}