WEEK FIVE
TOPIC: CONSTRUCTIONAL DETAILS OF PARTS OF BUILDING E.G ROOFS, DOORS AND WINDOWS. STAIRCASES
CONTENT:
(i) Detailed structure of a roof.
(ii) Doors.
(iii)Windows
(iv) Stair cases.
A ROOF
EVALUATIONs
1. Draw a detailed structure of a roof.
2. Analyse the location and the roof members that make up the Bird’s mouth.
3. Derive a formula for calculating the pitch angle of a roof.
DOORS
There are different types of doors used in buildings and these include: Panel door, Ledge and batten door, Ledge, batten and braced door and Flush door.
Panel Door: The diagram below show examples of panel door. Each type is differentiated from the rest by the number of panel it has. Therefore (a), (b), (c), (d) and (e) are respectively 3-panelled, 4-panelled, 5-panelled, 8-panelled and 1-panelled door respectively.
Construction of panel doors
Ledge and Batten door: This consists of a number of vertical battens which are nailed to horizontal rails (ledges). This type of door is commonly used for outdoor. The batten which may be squared, chamfered, grooved or tongued are screwed or bolted to the rail or ledge.
Ledge, batten and braced door: This is similar to ledge and batten door but the only difference is that it has diagonal braces between ledges.
Construction of Ledge, batten and braced doors
Flush door: This may be solid core or hollow core and may be external or internal. See its construction below.
Construction of flush doors
Conventional symbols of doors
Conventional representation of doors
Fig. Conventional representation of doors
Fig. Hinged doors
EVALUATION
1. With the aid of suitable diagrams, explain 3 types of door.
2. Draw the conventional symbol of the following doors: revolving, sliding, folding and double door single
swing.
WINDOWS
Windows: The type of wall opening made on a building for the purpose of ventilation and reflection of sun light in to the room is called a window. See figures below for types of windows and their features.
Section through doors and windows
The shape or form of the section through doors and windows depend on their type and the material with which they are made.
EVALUATION
1. Draw a diagram showing section through a door and window.
2. State two types of windows.
Stairs and its features:
Stairs consist mainly of horizontal parts on which the feet rest and a vertical component which must be overcome in order to ascend to the next level. A stair case should not be too steep neither should it have too gentle a slope. A slope of about 300 to 450 is desirable.
Features of a staircase
(i) Tread: This is a horizontal component of a staircase on which the feet rest while ascending or descending.
(ii) Riser: This is the vertical component of a staircase. It is however the height that need to be overcome in
order to get to the next level.
(iii) Head room: This is the height allowed to ensure that the head of the person ascending or descending the
stairs is not knocked against the roof of the stairs.
(iv) Landing: This is the little floor created at the end of each flight for resting before proceeding on the next
flight.
(v) Stringer or waist: This is a heavy plank cut at right angles to receive the treads and risers. When the
stringer is uncut, it is referred to as a carriage or a horse. In this case, the treads and risers are fastened to it
using any suitable fastening means.
(vi) Flight: The flight of a staircase is the distance covered from the nose of the first tread to the nose of the
landing.
(vii) Nosing: This is the edge formed by the end of a riser and the beginning of a tread.
(viii)Well: This is an open space between two straight flights.
(ix) Newel posts: These are the two standing poles at the ends of a flight on which the hand rail and
balustrades are attached. They could either be made of wood or metal.
(x) Carriage: This is a stair without vertical risers and tread unlike normal stairs used by pedestals, bicycle and motor cycle riders to cross a very busy road. See figure of a carriage below.
Types of staircase
There are different types of staircase and this include:
(i) Straight flight.
(ii) Dog-leg or half turn or U-shape.
(iii) Quarter turn or L-shape.
(iv)Spiral.
Fig. Spiral staircase
GENERAL EVALUATIONS
1. Draw a labelled diagram of a straight flight staircase.
2. State 4 types of staircase.
READING ASSIGNMENT
Visit www.google.com for types of staircase, window and door.
Drafting technology and practice by William P. Spence pages 676 – 678.
WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT
Objective
1. In the door frame shown above, the letters V, W, X, Y and Z can be identified in that order as A. horn, jamb, brace, spreader and head. B. brace, horn, spreader, head and jamb.C. spreader, jamb, brace, horn and head. D. head, spreader, horn, jamb and brace.
2.The convention for representing a bi-fold door is
3. Which of the following is not a roof member? A. Muntin. B. Ridge. C. Purlin. D. Rafter.
4. Headroom refers to a height in the construction of a A. roof. B. window. C. stair. D. door.
5. What type of door is shown in the figure above? A. Panel B. Ledged and braced. C. Ledged and battened.
D. Flush.
Theory
1. Draw a labelled diagram of a straight flight staircase.
2. Draw a detailed structure of a roof.