WEEK SEVEN
SPEECH WORK:CONSONANT SOUNDS
CONTENT:
As we already know, there are forty-four speech sounds on English. While twenty of them is vowels, the remaining twenty four are consonants. A consonant is produced with the flow if air from the lungs is in erupted somewhere in the ducal clarity (mouth). A consonant is therefore a speech sound which produced with the obstruction of airstream is. The obstruction could be ‘partial ‘or ‘total’, The important thing about the production of a consonant, therefore, is that there is always a degree of obstruction of the airstream from the lungs. The degree of obstruction of air is one of the three important factors used in classifying the English consonants.
These factors are usually considered in the classification of consonants. These are:
Place of articulation.
Manner of articulation.
State of glottis.
Here are the lists of consonant sound with examples.
/p/ as in pan,prefect,nap
/b/ as in bud, rubber, rubs.
/t/ as in tea, seat, heater.
/k/ as in come, marking, pack.
/d/ as in dip, hide, riddles.
/g/ as in get, target, rag.
/f/ as in fork, suffer, cough.
/v/ as in van, river, live.
/0/ as in anthem, think, both.
/∂ / as in this, father, breathes.
/s/ as in sip, racing, place.
/z/ as in Zink, razor, has.
/S/ as in ship, lashes, fish.
// as in genre, vision, garage.
/h/ as in hat, behave
/tS/ as in cheap, richer, teach.
/d/ as in joy, rejoice, page.
/l/ as in lock, follow, sell.
/r/ as in rag, borrow,______
/w/ as in win, rewind,______
/j/ as in yes, _______.
/m/ as in man, remain, him.
/n/ as in net, runner, rain.
/J/ as in singer, bang, ______
GRAMMAR:ADVERBS OF MANNER
CONTENT:
Adverbs of Manner
What is an adverb of manner?
Adverbs of manner describe how something happens. For example, it is possible to walk or run at different speeds. The words used to describe walking or running at different speeds (quickly or slowly for example) are excellent examples of adverbs of manner. They help the reader gain greater insight into the way a written scene is playing out. Comparing the following sentences will help you to understand how these adverbs change the overall meaning of the sentences they’re found in.
The boys ran. (There is no adverb of manner in this sentence, so we can only imagine how fast the boys are running.)
The boys ran quickly. (The adverb of manner is quickly. It tells us that the boys are in a hurry.)
The boys were tired, so they ran more slowly than before. (The adverb of manner is slowly. It tells us that the boys are running, but they aren’t covering as much ground as they were before.)
There are a few rules to remember regarding adverbs of manner:
When using these adverbs, be careful not to place them between the object and the verb. They often fit best after the sentence’s object or main verb.
If there is a preposition before the object, the adverb of manner may be placed either before the preposition or after the sentence’s object.
Add emphasis by placing an adverb of manner before both the verb and object, and when these adverbs are placed at the beginning of a sentence, they catch the reader’s attention.
As you read the following examples of adverbs of manner, you will notice how the same adverb can lend different meanings to sentences containing nearly the exact same set of words.
Examples of Adverbs of Manner
The adverb of manner in each example has been italicized for easy identification.
He quickly agreed to go to the store for milk. (His agreement was quick)
He agreed to go to the store for milk quickly. (He would go to the store quickly)
She quietly asked me to leave the room. (Her request was quiet)
She asked me to leave the room quietly. (I am not going to make noise when I leave)
The doctor woke the gently sleeping patient. (The patient was sleeping gently)
The doctor gently woke the sleeping patient. (The doctor was gentle while waking the patient)
ASSIGNMENT
The following exercises will help you gain greater
understanding about how adverbs of manner work. Choose the best answer to complete each sentence.
1. The excited baby pounded the table _______________.
a. Badly
b. Hungrily
c. Normally
d. Variously
2. Walk ______________ or you may miss the bus.
a. Quickly
b. Slowly
c. Personally
d. Happily
3. Reading ______________ helps you to understand concepts better.
a. Rapidly
b. Briefly
c. Carefully
d. Always
4. Playing music too _______________ can damage your hearing.
a. Slowly
b. Cheerfully
c. Carelessly
d. Loudly
5. A tortoise walks _______________.
a. Mostly
b. Slowly
c. Happily
d. Eagerly
COMPOSITION: ARGUMENTATIVE ESSAY
CONTENT:
What is an Argumentative Essay?
Argument essays seek to state a position on an issue and give several reasons, supported by evidence, for agreeing with that position.
Argument essay topics can be found everywhere. Check the headlines of a newspaper, or just listen in to a conversation at you local Starbucks. Chances are, you will hear someone trying to persuade another person to believe in their claim about:
What caused this?
How important is it?
What should we do about it?
5 Types of Argument Claims
1. Fact: Is it true or not?
2. Definition: What does it really mean?
3. Value: How important is it?
4. Cause and Effect: What is the cause? What are the effects?
5. Policy: What should we do about it?
How to Write Your Thesis
Question/Answer format: To make your topic idea into a thesis youneed to turn the topic idea into a question first. Examples:
Does divorce cause serious problems for the children? (fact)
What is “domestic violence?” (definition)
What are the causes of divorce? (cause)
How important is it for couples to avoid divorce? (value)
What can you do to make your marriage divorce-proof?
(proposal)
Answer: Your question often can be the title of your paper, or it can be the last line of the introduction. Your answer to this question is your thesis.
Refute Objections: You might want to put an introductory phrase in the first part of your thesis to show that you are refuting other ideas about the answer.
Example: While some people think there is no way to divorce-proof 9your marriage, studies have shown that there are fewer divorces when people carefully prepare for that commitment.
Roadmap: An additional way to make a strong thesis is to do a “Roadmap” which tells in just a few words the three or more main points you will cover.
Example: While some people think there is no way to divorce-proof your marriage, studies have shown that there are fewer divorces when people carefully prepare for that commitment by taking time to get to know the other person before becoming engaged, spending time with
one another’s family and friends, talking about hot-button issues like finances, and getting extensive premarital counseling.
Introduction and Conclusion: Introduction Ideas Conclusion Ideas Use a true story
What will happen if your solution is adopted or people accept your argument.
Scenario: imaginary story which illustrates the problem
Revise the scenario showing what will happen if the audience adopts your ideas.
Startling quotation, fact or statistic. Use a real-life example of how your idea works. Explain the problem . Tell the audience what they need to think, do, feel or believe.
Describe vividly Appeal to the audience emotions, character, or reason.
Frame story or flashback Finish the frame story.
Argumentative essays are fairly straightforward in their organization. In your paper, you will need to do the following
1. Interest the audience the situation and make them think it is worth learning more about.
2. Explain the controversy or problem clearly.
3. Explain the sides of the debate.
4. Tell them your side.
5. Convince them that your side is the best one to take.
6. Refute any objections they may be thinking about as they read.
7. Urge the audience to adopt our point of view to do, think or believe something.
I. Introduction: Explain the subject, the controversy, and end with your thesis. Here are some tips:
Use the title to present your point of view. Often the title can be a question.
Think about your audience—what aspects of this issue would most interest or convince them?
Make sure you have a clear thesis which answers the question. The thesis should tell your position and is usually the last sentence of your introduction.
III. Body : Explains the reasons your audience should agree with your thesis. Your body needs to also refute objections or other points of view.
1. Reasons and support: Usually, you will have three or more reasons why the audience should accept your position. These will be your topic sentences. Support each of these reasons with argument, examples, statistics, authorities or anecdotes To make your reasons seem plausible, connect them back to your position by using “if…then” reasoning
2. Anticipate opposing positions and objections
What objections will your readers have? Answer them with argument or evidence.
What other positions do people take on this subject? What is your reason for rejecting these positions?
Conclusion: Make a final point which tells the reader what to think or do.
Why should the audience adopt your point of view?
You might use the anticipating objections in the conclusion.