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LINEAR PROGRAMMING
SIMULTANEOUS EQUATIONS
Solving simultaneous equations graphically, the solution is given by the point of intersection of the two lines.
Solving simultaneous equations graphically, the solution is given by the point of intersection of the two lines.
Examples
1. Solve graphically the following simultaneous equations.
2x – y = 1
3x+3y =6
Equation 1
2x – y = 1
X intercept, y= 0
2x – y = 1
2x – 0 = 1
x = 
(, 0)
, 0)Y intercept, x = o
2x – y = 1
y = 1
(0, -1)
Equation 2.
3x + 3y = 6
X intercept,Y=0
3x-0 = 6
X = 2
(2,0)
Y intercept,X=0
0 + 3y = 6
3Y = 6
y = 2
(0,2)
Solution ( 1,1) i.e x = 1 and y = 1.
2. Ali paid 34 shillings for 10 oranges and 35 mangoes. Moshi went to the same fruit market and paid 24 shillings for 16 oranges and 18 mangoes . what was the price of a mango and for an orange.
Solution:
Let X be a price of an orange
Let y be the price of mangoes
10X + 35 Y = 34
16X + 18 Y = 24
Solution:
380 y = 314
Y = 0.8
10X + 35y = 34
10X + 35 x 0.8 = 34
10X + 28 = 34
X= 0.6
X intercept,Y=0
10 X + 35 Y = 34
10X + 0 = 34
10 X = 34
X = 3.4 (3.4,0)
Y intercept , X=0
0 + 35 Y = 34
35Y = 34
Y = 1 (0,1)
X intercept Y =0
16X + 18 Y = 24
16X = 24
X = 1.5 (1.5, 0)
Y intercept X= 0
18Y = 24
Y = 1.3* (0 ,1.3)
x = 0.6
y = 0.8
...Price of an orange is 0.6sh and price of a mango is 0.8sh.
3. 7 X + 3Y + 12 = 0
5X – 2Y + 2 = 0
Solution:
7X + 3Y + 12 = 0
X intercept y=0
7X + 0 = -12
X = 
Y intercept X=0
0 + 3Y = -12
3Y = -12
Y = 4
5X – 2Y = -2
X intercept y=0
5X- 0 = -2
X= 
Y intercept X= 0
0 – 2y = -2
Y = 1
4. 2c + 2d = c – d
2d + 2 = c + 1
Solution:
2c + 2d = c – d
2c –c + 2d + d = 0
c + 3d =0…….(1)
2d + 2 = c + 1
2d + 2- c-1= 0
2d – c + 1= 0 ……..(2)
c + 3d = 0
c intercept, d = 0
c = 0
d intercept , c = 0
3d = 0
d = 0
2d – c = -1
C intercept, d= 0
-c = -1
c = 1
d intercept , c= 0
0 – 2d = 1
d = –
d = (0, – 0.5)
Solution (0.6, -0.2)
By substitution method
c + 3d = 0 ——-(i)
c – 2d = 1——–(ii)
equation;
c = -3d
c -2d = 1
c – 2(-0.2) = 1
c + 0.4 = 1 – 0.4
c = 0.6
:. c = 0.6 , d = -0.2
LINEAR INEQUALITIES
When a linear equation of the form ax + by + c = 0 is represented on a coordinate plane, it separates the plane into two disjoint sets.
E.g. y = 4 separate the plane into two disjoint sets
The points above the line y= 4 satisfy the relation y>4, while those in the lower half plane satisfy the relation y < 4.
SHADING OF REGIONS
When drawing the inequality y > 4, first draw the line of separation to separate the plane y>4, and the plane y< 4 which is y = 0, Then shade the unwanted region.
Note: The shaded region together with the line y = 4 represents y > 4
Boundaries of half- plane
Equations are used to describe the boundaries of half- plane. The boundary lines are continuous to include points on the line when the inequality is written using the sign > or < where as the boundary lines are dotted if the inequality is written in the of form < or >.
E.g. Draw and show the half- plane representing the inequality 4x + 2y > 8
Feasible Region
Feasible region is the region of intersection of all the inequality given in a problem. In order the feasible region to be seen clearly the unwanted region of the inequalities should be shaded leaving the required region clear.
Example 1.
Show the feasible region which satisfy the following inequalities 3x + 3y > 12 and y – x < 2
Solution
3x + 3y > 12, (0, 4) (4, 0)
y – x < 2, (0, 2) (-2, 0)
From 3x + 3y > 12, after drawing the line of separation i.e 3x + 3y = 12, The point above or below the line is used to test which region satisfy the inequality.
e.g. (0, 0) the origin
3(0) + 3(0) > 12
0> 12 Not true
... The region below the line does not satisfy the inequality instead. The opposite region satisfies.The region below is shaded to live the wanted region clear.
For the case of y – x < 2
testing using the origin (0, 0)
0 – 0 < 2
0 < 2 (it is true)
The region below is the wanted region, therefore we shade the region above.
Example 2
A bread dealer can buy up to 150 loaves if bread . premium bread costs 200/= per loaf and royal bread costs 280/= per loaf. The dealer can spend no more than 36000/= in the business. Premium bread sells at a profit of 40/= per loaf while royal bread sells at a profit of 50% per loaf . how many loaves of bread of each type should the dealer buy in order to generate maximum profit?
LINEAR INEQUALITIES
When a linear equation of the form ax + by + c = 0 is represented on a coordinate plane, it separates the plane into two disjoint sets.
E.g. y = 4 separate the plane into two disjoint sets
The points above the line y= 4 satisfy the relation y>4, while those in the lower half plane satisfy the relation y < 4.
SHADING OF REGIONS
When drawing the inequality y > 4, first draw the line of separation to separate the plane y>4, and the plane y< 4 which is y = 0, Then shade the unwanted region.
Note: The shaded region together with the line y = 4 represents y > 4
Boundaries of half- plane
Equations are used to describe the boundaries of half- plane. The boundary lines are continuous to include points on the line when the inequality is written using the sign > or < where as the boundary lines are dotted if the inequality is written in the of form < or >.
E.g. Draw and show the half- plane representing the inequality 4x + 2y > 8
Feasible Region
Feasible region is the region of intersection of all the inequality given in a problem. In order the feasible region to be seen clearly the unwanted region of the inequalities should be shaded leaving the required region clear.
Example 1.
Show the feasible region which satisfy the following inequalities 3x + 3y > 12 and y – x < 2
Solution
3x + 3y > 12, (0, 4) (4, 0)
y – x < 2, (0, 2) (-2, 0)
From 3x + 3y > 12, after drawing the line of separation i.e 3x + 3y = 12, The point above or below the line is used to test which region satisfy the inequality.
e.g. (0, 0) the origin
3(0) + 3(0) > 12
0> 12 Not true
... The region below the line does not satisfy the inequality instead. The opposite region satisfies.The region below is shaded to live the wanted region clear.
For the case of y – x < 2
testing using the origin (0, 0)
0 – 0 < 2
0 < 2 (it is true)
The region below is the wanted region, therefore we shade the region above.
Example 2
A bread dealer can buy up to 150 loaves if bread . premium bread costs 200/= per loaf and royal bread costs 280/= per loaf. The dealer can spend no more than 36000/= in the business. Premium bread sells at a profit of 40/= per loaf while royal bread sells at a profit of 50% per loaf . how many loaves of bread of each type should the dealer buy in order to generate maximum profit?
Solution:
Let X be the no. of premium bread.
Let Y be the no of Royal bread
200X + 250Y ≤ 36000
X + Y ≤ 150
X ≥ 0
Y ≥ 0
X intercept, Y=0
200X+ 250Y = 36,000
200X = 36000
X = 180
(180,0)
X intercept, Y = 0
X + Y = 150
X = 150
(150, 0)
Y intercept, X = 0
0 + 250 Y = 36,000
250Y = 36,000
Y = 144
( 0, 144)
Y intercept, X = 0
0 + Y = 150
Y = 150
objective function
40X + 50/100 x 250Y = Maximum profit
40X + 125 Y = Maximum profit
A (6, 0)
B (144, 0)
C (0,144)
40X + 125Y = Maximum profit
40 + 125X144 =18,040
The Corner points
A (0, 0) C (30, 120)
B (0, 144) D (150, 0)
f(x, y) = 40x + 125y maximize
f(0, 0) = 40x + 125y = 0
f(0, 144) = 40x + 125y = 18000
f(30, 144) = 40x + 125y = 15120
f(150, 0) = 40x + 125y = 6000
optimal point is (0, 144)
... In order for the bread dealer to get maximum profit, he should prepare 144 royal breads only.
A (0, 0) C (30, 120)
B (0, 144) D (150, 0)
f(x, y) = 40x + 125y maximize
f(0, 0) = 40x + 125y = 0
f(0, 144) = 40x + 125y = 18000
f(30, 144) = 40x + 125y = 15120
f(150, 0) = 40x + 125y = 6000
optimal point is (0, 144)
... In order for the bread dealer to get maximum profit, he should prepare 144 royal breads only.
Example 3.
Draw a graph and show the feasible region which is satisfied by the inequalities
X ≥ 0, 2x + y ≤ 4, 2x +3y ≥ 8 , y ≥ 0 , y+ 3x = 9 , x + y ≤ 10
Which If any of the inequalities can be omitted without affecting the answer.
SOLUTION
2x + y = 4
X intercept, Y = 0
2x + 0 =4
x = 2
(2, 0)
Y intercept
0 + y = 4
y = 4
(0, 4)
2x + 3y = 8
X intercept, Y =0
2x + 0 = 8
2x = 8
x =4
(4, 0)
y intercept, x =0
0 + 3Y = 8
y =8/3
(0 , 2.7)
x + 3y = 9
x intercept, y =0
x + 0 = 9
x = 9
y intercept, y = 0
0 + 3Y = 9
y = 3
(0, 3)
x + y = 10
x intercept, y =0
x =10
(10, 0)
y intercept, x =0
y = 10
(0, 10 )
Example 4.
George buys X pencils 10 shillings each,( X+8) exercise books at 10 shillings each. If he wishes to have some change as town bus fare from a 200shs note, form an inequality in X and solve it to find the range of X.
George buys X pencils 10 shillings each,( X+8) exercise books at 10 shillings each. If he wishes to have some change as town bus fare from a 200shs note, form an inequality in X and solve it to find the range of X.
Solution:
X no. of pencils
0 X + 10(X+8) ≤200
10X + 10X + 80 = 200
20 X = 120
X = 6
X < 6
The range of x is = 1, 2,3,4,5.
Exercise 8.1
1. Show by shading out the unwanted regions, the half planes representing the following simultaneous inequalities.
a) y < 2x - 1, y > 3 – x
b) -3 < x – y<2
c) y< 2x, y > 3 – x, y > -1
Solution
a) y < 2x - 1 y > 3 – x
1 < 2x - y y + x > 3
2x – y> 1 y + x = 3
2x – y = 1 (0, 3) (3,0)
(0, -1) (1/2, 0)
(b) -3 < x – y < 2
-3 < x – y x – y < 2
x – y > -3 x – y = 2
x – y = -3 (0, -2) ( 2, 0)
(0, 3) (-3, 0)
(c) y > 2x – 1 y > 3 – x
y – 2x > -1 y + x > 3
y – 2x = -1 y + x = 3
(0, -1) (1/2, 0) (0, 3) (3, 0)
y > -1
y = -1
Linear Programming
Linear programming is a branch of mathematics which enables to solve problems which one wants to get the greatest or least value of a quantity.
Solving linear programming problems
1.A farm is to be planted with wheat and maize while observing the following.
EXERCISE 8.2
1. A doctor prescribes that in order obtain an adequate supply of Vitamins A and C, his patient shall have portions of food 1 and 2. The number of the units of vitamin A and C are given in a table below,
1. A doctor prescribes that in order obtain an adequate supply of Vitamins A and C, his patient shall have portions of food 1 and 2. The number of the units of vitamin A and C are given in a table below,
The doctor prescribes a minimum of 14 units of vitamin A and 21 units of vitamin C. What are the least number of portion of food 1 and 2 that will fit the doctors prescription?
Solution
Let x represents number of portion of food 1 and y represent number of portion of food 2.
3x + y > 14
2x + 7y > 21
x > 0
y > 0
Objective function
To minimize f(x,y) = x + y
To represents the constraint on the x-y plane
3x + y = 14 (0, 14) (4.667, 0)
2x +7y = 21 (0, 3) (10.5, 0)
x = 0
y = 0
Corner points
A(0, 14) B(4.03, 1.9) C(10.5, 0)
f(x,y) = x + y
f(0, 14) = 0 + 14
f(4.03, 1.9) = 4.03 + 1.9
f(10.5, 0) = 10.5 + 0
Best solution(optimal solution) = 5.93 and the optimal point is (4.03, 1.9).
... 4.03 is the portion of the food 1 and 1.9 is the portion of food 2 that should be taken to fit the doctors prescription.
Solution
Let x represents number of portion of food 1 and y represent number of portion of food 2.
3x + y > 14
2x + 7y > 21
x > 0
y > 0
Objective function
To minimize f(x,y) = x + y
To represents the constraint on the x-y plane
3x + y = 14 (0, 14) (4.667, 0)
2x +7y = 21 (0, 3) (10.5, 0)
x = 0
y = 0
Corner points
A(0, 14) B(4.03, 1.9) C(10.5, 0)
f(x,y) = x + y
f(0, 14) = 0 + 14
f(4.03, 1.9) = 4.03 + 1.9
f(10.5, 0) = 10.5 + 0
Best solution(optimal solution) = 5.93 and the optimal point is (4.03, 1.9).
... 4.03 is the portion of the food 1 and 1.9 is the portion of food 2 that should be taken to fit the doctors prescription.
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