CHEMISTRY As LEVEL(FORM FIVE) NOTES – ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2

a) (a) HALOGENATION

Thus, Overall reaction is


(b) ALKYLATION (FRIDEL CRAFT ALKYLATION)

Generally;

1. i Formation of an electrophile.

ii. Formation of intermediate carbonium ion.

iii. Formation of product and regeneration of catalyst.

Generally;

i.Formation of an electrophile.

iii. Formation of product and regeneration of catalyst.

i.Formation of an electrophile.



ii. Formation of intermediate carbonium ion.

Thus, overall reaction is

i.e

ii. Formation of intermediate carbonium ion.

iii. Formation of product and generation of catalyst.

i. Formation of an electrophile.

ii. Formation of intermediate carbonium ion.

iii. Formation of product.

Also.

• Reactivity of benzene towards electrophile (in eletrophilic substitution reaction of benzene) depend on the electrons density in benzene ring.
• If the electron density is high then benzene will be more reactive towards electrophile and if it is low than the benzene will be less reactive toward an electrophile.
• When substitutients in benzene increase electron density in benzene ring, then the substituents in said to increase reactivity of benzene towards an electrophile.
• So any factor which affect the electron density in benzene ring is said to affect reactivity of benzene towards an electrophile.
• When substituents in benzene increase electron density in benzene ring, Then the substituents is said to increase reactivity of benzene towards an electrophile. i.e it is said to activate electrophilic substitution reaction of benzene and hence the substituent is known a ACTIVATOR.

• So -M do deactivation in benzene by withdraw of an electron pair from benzene ring.

• Substituents which cause –M are those with atoms possessing pair or negatively charged electron and itself is bonded to atom by π-bond.

Example:

• Halogens are exceptional of above explanations i.e In halogens Inductive effects tends to outweighs mesomeric effects why?

• Halogens are strongest electronegative element among all substituent of benzene as result of their smallest atomic size. This make halogens to exert strongest negative inductive effect.
• On other hand Halogens have maximum number of lone pair electron, thus making less available in participation of mesomerism thus make Halogens to exert weakest mesomeric effect among all substituents.
• So while Halogens exert strongest negative Inductive effect it also weakest effect (-M) hence in halogens Inductive effect weighs mesomeric effect.
• Generally we can conclude that all substituents which cause positive inductive effect and those which cause positive mesomeric exceptional of halogens are ACTIVATOR. And all substituents which cause negative mesomeric effect with addition of Halogens (which –I ) are DEACTIVATOR.

Understand this consider mesomerism of phenol in which OH– activator is directly attached to benzene ring.

If incoming electrophile attaches (substitute) at meta position consider the same reaction in aniline.

• In this case intermediate carbonium is not stabilised by lone electrons of nitrogen in amino group and hence it is less stable.

If incoming electrophile substituents are at para position.

. Consider the same reaction in aniline.

• Alkyl group act as ortho-para directon by doing partial neutralization of positive charge formed on the adjustment carbon

(The partial neutralization is done by positive inductive effect exerted by alkyl groups). Hence ortho – para directing of alkyl groups is simply explained by considering stability intermediate carbonium ion like in (ii) above.
i.e.

Are ortho – para directors due to stability intermediate carbonium ion. This is simply because despite the fact that lone pairs in halogens have not good participation in mesomerism for reason which has expla
ined, but in presence of positive charge on adjacent carbon lone pair electrons participate in neutralizing positive charge on the carbon.
i.e.

• Among the two products (ortho product and para product in most cases para product is major product why?

• To understand this consider mesomerism (-M) in benzoic acid

• Consider the electrophilic substitution reactions in benzoic acid.

i.e.

• Intermediate carbonium is not stable as result of very large repulsion force between closer positively charged ions in adjacent carbons.

• Carbonium ion formed in this case is somehow more stable as a result of comparable small repulsion force between position charged carbons which are not adjacent.

If incoming electrophilic substitutes at para position. Also Intermediate carbonium ion formed is not stable as a result of very large repulsion force between closer positively charged ions in adjacent carbons.
i.e.


CONCLUSION
Intermediate carbonium ion formed in second case is more stable than in 1st case and 3rd case and hence meta position is better site for incoming electrophile.

SUMMARY ON DIRECTING EFFECT

i. Nucleophile.





Qn. 2. Explain why alkylation of nitrobenzene is much slaver that of methy l benzene?

ANS
Alykylation in given compounds is electrophile substitution reaction so presence of nitro group which is an electron withdrawing (deactivator) in nitrobenzene deactivate. Its reaction towards
electrophile while presence of methyl group which is electron receptor group (activator) in methyl benzene activate its reaction towards electrophile and hence alkylation of nitrobenzene become less than that of methyl benzene.

Qn. 03. Complete the following organic reactions.




Qn. 04. NECTA 1994
Write structural formula of main substitutional product in the following organic reactions.







Qn 05. NECTA 1993
Which substituent entered first in the following organic compounds giving reasons.



ANS
i. Either of the two substituents entered first.
Reason
In given compound OH and CH3 are para related and OH– and CH3 are ortho –para directors forming para product as a major product and hence either of the two entered first so as to direct incoming substituent at para position.

ii. NO2 entered first
Reason
In given compound CH3 and NO2 are meta related so being meta director it must be entered first so as to direct the incoming CH3 group at meta position.

iii.Cl entered first
Reason
In given compound OH and Cl are ortho related and OH and Cl are orth-para directors, OH– forming product a major product (as result of its large steric hinderance while Cl form ortho product as major product (as result low steric hinderance ) and Cl– must be entered first so direct at ortho position.

Reason
In given compound CH3 and COOH are para related, CH3 being ortho –para product forming para product as major product must be entered first so as to direct incoming – COOH at para position.

Qn 6.
Show how the following conversions can be achieved.


ANS


FURTHER CHEMICAL REACTIONS OF BENZENE
Apart from electrophilic substitution reactions benzene can undergo the following reactions.

i. ADDITION REACTIONS

• Under vigorous condition benzene can undergo addition reaction.

eg.
(a) HYDROGENATION
Benzene can react with hydrogen under presence of nickel or platinum catalyst yielding cyclohexane.
i.e.


(b) CHLORINATION

• Under presence of U.V a very high temperature benzene react with chlorine to give 1,2,3,4,5,6-hexachlorocyclohexane.

TOLUENE (METHYL BENZENE)

• Toluene is the aromatic compound which is formed when one halogen atom of benzene is replaced by methyl group.

i.e. Structure of toluene is –



PREPARATION OF TOLUENE

(a) METHYLATION OF BENZENE

Generally;


Example:





( b) Reaction between halobenzene and halomethane under;
Presence of sodium and dry ether.

Generally.


Example



PHYSICAL PROPERTICES OF TOLUENE

• It is more denser than water.
• It is solube in non-polar solvents like organic solvent (Toluene itself is good organic solvent)
• It melts at temperature of -950C and boils at 1110C
• Its vapour density is large than that of the air
• It is colourless liquid at room temperature.

But with strong oxidizing agent like kmno4 and K2Cr2O7 ie acid is formed

eg.


B) FREE RADICAL SUBSTITUTION REACTION
· With halogens under presence of U.V or very high temperature tends to undergo side chain radical substitution reactions.



II. ELECTROPHILIC SUBSTITUTIONS IN BENZENE RING

Consider this heading toluene undergo similar chemical reaction as those of benzene. The only difference is that methyl group in toluene act as ortho director forming para product as major product
Example of electrophilic substitution reactions of Toluene

i. HALOGENATION

Generally


Example

ii. ALKYLATION

Generally


Example


iii. ACYLATION

Generally









SOME STRUCTURE OF AROMATIC COMPOUNDS $ THEIR COMMON NAME




II. SECONDARY (20) HALOALKANE
These are haloalkanes where by a carbon with halogen is directly bonded to two alkyl groups
Thus for haloalkane with only one halogen the carbon with halogen is also directly bonded to only one hydrogen atom.



III. TERTIARY (3O) HALOALKANES
These are haloalkanes where by a carbon containing halogen directly bonded to three alkyl groups.
Thus in tertiary haloalkanes there is no hydrogen atom which is directly bonded to carbon with halogen.



Haloalkanes are named by naming halogen as substituent of alkanes.

PREPARATIONS OF HALOALKANES

a). FREE RADICAL SUBSTITUTION REACTION OF ALKANES

Generally.


Example.


In above reaction chlorine must be present in limited amount so as to prevent further chlorination of the product otherwise



b). HALOGENATION OF ALKANES

Generally



Example



C). HALOGENATION OF ALCOHOL

1. By using hydrogen halide
Alcohol reacts with hydrogen halide to give haloalkanes

Example

2. By using phosphorous pentahallide.

Generally.


4. Reaction by using thionylchloride


PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF HALOALKANES
Melting and boiling point of haloalkane are greater than those of corresponding members of alkanes(alkane whose moleculer mass do not differ with those of haloalkanes) as a result of highly polarity of C-X bond
eg Cδ+ — Clδ-

Haloalkanes are soluble in organic solvent (haloalkanes themselves are good organic solvent i.e they tend to form miscible with another organic solvent) but are almost insoluble in water .


CHEMICAL REACTIONS OF HALOALKANES.
Haloalkanes undergo the following chemical reactions

a) Nucleophilic reaction
b) Elimination reaction
c) Reaction which leads to formation of Grignard reagent
d) Wurtz/coupling/fillings reactions
e) Reduction


A) NUCLEOPHILIC SUBSTITUTION REACTION
Nucleophilic substitution reaction in Haloalkane undergo two types of mechanism namely:

i) SN mechanism
ii) SN2 mechanism

i. SN. MECHANISM
This is nucleophilic substitution reaction where by there is only one molecule which is involved in rate determining
Definition of Rate dertermining step
This is the lowest step in reaction mechanism

SN. Mechanism is more common in tertiary haloalkanes as a result of high stability brought by strong positive active effect exerted by three alkyl groups
Illustration.



ii. SN2 MECHANISM
This is the Nucleophilic substitution reaction mechanism which by there are two molecules in rate determining step.
It is more common in primary haloalkanes (also in secondary haloalkanes)



Generally reactivity of haloalkanes towards nucleophile follow the following

i. Formation of alcohol
Haloalkanes reacts with alkaline solution like NaOH(aq) yielding alcohol

Generally



ii. Formation of amines.
Haloalkanes react with ammonia yielding amines

Generally.




iii. Formation of nitroalkanes
Generally



Where:
M is g, Na, k e.t.c

Example




iv. Formation of Ester


V. Formation of Ether

Generally.




vi. Formation of Nitrile

Generally


Nitrile is used to synthesize various organic compound

So the reaction (formation of nitrile) is very important in dealing with conversion problems which show that number of carbons have increase by one.

Example
Show how the following conversion can be

ANS.


Replacement by another halogen

• Halogen in haloalkane can be replaced by another halogen which is more nucleophilic.
• The strength of nucleophilic character of halogen follow the following order.

B). ELIMINATION REACTIONS.
Elimination and nucleophilic substitution reactions in haloalkane are competitive reactions.
Conditions which favour elimination reactions are

Formation of major product in elimination reaction (if there is ability of forming more than one product ) is governed by saytzeff’s rule which. States that. “The alkane with great number of alkyl group is more stable.
– So according to saytzeff’s rule if there is possibility of forming more than one elimination product, the major product is the alkene with greater number of alkyl groups

· Elimination product of

is ether

i. CH3CH=CHCH3 or
ii. CH3CH2CH=CH2, so according to saytzeff’s rule (i) is Major PRODUCT

·There are two types of mechanism of elimination reaction in haloalkane namely
a) E1 mechanism
b) E2 mechanism

A. E1 MECHANISM
·This is mechanism of elimination reaction where by there is only one molecule which is involved in rate determining step
– It is more common in tertiary haloalkane as result of high stability of intermediate carbonium ion which is brought by very strong positive inductive effect from three alkyl groups.



B. E2 MECHANISM
·This is the elimination reaction mechanism where by there are two molecules which are involved in rate determining step.
– It is more common in primary haloalkane (also in secondary haloalkane) due to instability of intermediate carbonium ion which could be formed if it undergo mechanism as a result of weak +I exerted by one alkyl group.



Examples of elimination reaction in haloalkanes are



NOTE:
Possibility of haloalkanes to undergo elimination reactions follow the following trend
Tertiary haloalkanes>Secondary haloalkanes > Primary haloalkanes

C. GRIGINARD REAGENT FORMATION
· Grignard reagent is alkylmagnesium halide (RMgx)
· Haloalkane react with magnesium under presence of dry ether yielding Grignard reagent.

Grignard reagent.


D. WURTZ REACTION.

Generally



E. REDUCTION.
· With hydrogen gas under presence of nickel or plantinum catalystal heat alkananes formed from haloalkanes.

Generally



HALOARENE

This is the halohygrocarbon which is formed when atleast one hydrogenation of benzene is replaced by halogen.
– The simplest one is formed when only one hydrogen atom of benzene is replace by halogen.

i.e


Chemical reactions of haloarenes include.
i. Nucleophilic substitution reaction
ii. Grignard reagent formation
iii. Wurtz/Fitting/coupling reaction.
iv. Reduction
v. Electrophilic substitution reaction

I. NUCLEOPHILIC SUBSTITUTION REACTION



II. GRIGINARD REAGENT FORMATION

III. WURTZ REACTION

IV. REDUCTION

Under this heading haloarene undergo similar reactions as those of benzene, the only difference is that halogen present in haloarene directs incoming electrophile at ortho and para position forming ortho product as major product.

Give chemical tests to distinguish each of the following pairs of organic compounds.

ANS.




With NaOH(aq) at room temperature followed by addition of give white ppt of does not.

i.e


Then,

iv) With NaOH(aq) at room temperature and gives yellow ppt of while gives white ppt of

v) With NaOH(aq) at room temperature followed by addition of AgNO3(aq)

give white ppt of while does not

• These are organic compounds with hydroxyl group as functional group.
• Alcohols and phenol are formed when at least one hydrogen atom of hydrocarbons is replaced by hydroxyl group.
• When the hydrogen atom is replaced from aliphatic hydrocarbon the resulting compound is known as alcohol.
• When the hydrogen atom is replaced from benzene then the resulting compound is known as phenol.
• Most of properties of alcohol resembles with those of phenol due to similarity in their functional group but some properties are different due to difference in their structure.

• Like in haloalkanes, according to number of alkyl groups which are directly bonded to a carbon , alcohols can be classified into three categories.

• These are alcohols where by a carbon with hydroxyl group is also directly bonded to one alkyl group only.
• Thus far alcohols with one hydroxyl group, the carbon with is also directly bonded to two hydrogen atoms.

i.e. where alkyl group only

ii. SECONDARY (20) ALCOHOLS

• These are alcohols where by a carbon with hydroxyl group is also directly bonded to two alkyl groups.

– Thus for alcohol with one hydroxyl group, the carbon with is also directly bonded to one hydrogen atom only.
i.e


iii. TERTIARY (30 ) ALCOHOL

• These are alcohols where by a carbon with hydroxyl group is also directly bonded to three alkyl groups.

– Thus there is no hydrogen which is directly bonded to the carbon with .
i.e



NOMENCLATURE OF ALCOHOLS
• Rules of naming alcohols are the same as those alkanes with the following modifications
i. The parent chain must contain hydroxyl group
ii. In numbering carbons start at the end closer to hydroxyl group.
iii. Position of hydroxyl group should be indicated by using Arabic numerals.
iv. In giving a name of alcohol, the name must end with suffix ol ( after removing e from corresponding name of hydrocarbon)

Example
Give systematic (IUPAC) name of the following organic compounds.





4 – Cyclopropyl- 2 tertbutylpentanol.

OR ( 4- Cyclopropyl – 2- terbuty-pentan-1-ol



Pent – 3 con 1- 01
OR (3 – pentanol).



Pent – 3 – yn – 2- ol.




1 – Pheny methanol.

2,3 – dihydroxyl phenol OR (1,2,3,- trihydroxylbenzene)



2 – nitrophenol.





PREPARATION OF ALCOHOLS
a) REACTION BETWEEN MOIST SILVER OXIDE AN HALOALKANE.

Generally


Example



b) REACTION BETWEEN HALOALKANE AND ALKALINE SOLUTION.
• Haloalkane react with alkaline solution like NaOH and KOH yielding alcohol
E.g. In case of NaOH


Example

c) ACIDIC HYDROLYSIS OF ALKENE ( REACTION BETWEEN ALKENE AND WATER UNDER PRESENCE OF SULPHURIC ACID).

Generally



d) REDUCTION OF CARBONYL COMPOUNDS
• Carbonyl compounds react with reducing agent like alcohols.

Generally


• Aldehydes give primary alcohol.


While

• Ketones give secondary alcohol.


e) REDUCTION OF CARBOXYLIC ACID
• Carboxylic acids react with strong reducing agent like forming primary alcohols.

Example

NOTE
In above reaction if is in limited amount ( or weak reducing agent is used instead of ) aldehyde is formed instead of alcohol.

f) REACTION BETWEEN GRIGINARD REAGENT AND CARBOXYLIC COMPOUNDS ACID FOLLOWED BY ACIDIC HYDROLYSIS

Generally



• If the aldehyde used is methanol, primary alcohol is formed.




• If higher member of aldehyde is used, secondary alcohol is formed.




• If the carbonyl compound which is used is Ketone, tertiary alcohol is formed.





PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF ALCOHOLS

• Boiling point of alcohol increase with an increase of number of carbon ( As number of carbon increase the molecular weight also increase)

E.g
Boiling point of is large than the

– The less branched alcohol has higher boiling point than that alcohol which is more branched.

Example


– The more branched has lower boiling point due to the following reason,
i. Poor package of carbon atoms
ii. Minimum surface area as it attain more spherical shape hence heating become easier

-In comparison to alcohol and corresponding carbon member of alkene ( with approximately the same molecular weight) alcohol have higher boiling due to presence of hydrogen bond in alcohol.

compound	Formula	Molecular weight	Boiling point in oc
Ethylene glycol		62	197
Propanol		60	97
Butane		58	-0.5

ANS
Boiling point of alcohol increase with an increase in number of group.
(for polyhydric alcohol) due to increase in number of position of making hydrogen bonding, ethylene glycol has two groups so compare to 1- propanol which has only one group. Ethylene glycol, have many position of making hydrogen bonding and hence the boiling will be higher, in case of butane it has group, there is no hydrogen bonding at all that is why has lowest boiling point compound.

Solubility of alcohol in water decrease with an increase hydrophobic group ( increase number of carbons due to an increase of non polar covalent character).

In increase of polyhydric alcohols solubility increase with an increase in number of group as a result of increasing number of position of making hydrogen bonding.

Example. NECTA 1993 PP1
Explain the solubility of alcohol increase with order



For Polyhydric alcohol solubility increase with an increase in number of position of making hydrogen bonding that is why solubility of given compound increase in that order (i.e the longer the number of group the higher the solubility will be).Alcohol exist as coloured liquid compound because hence easily exposed

EXPLANATION ON COMPARISON OF ACIDIC STRENGTH IN ALCOHOLS AND PHENOLS
Phenol is stronger acid than alcohol due to following reason
1. Easier of releasing hydrogen proton
2. Stability of phenoxide ion formed after releasing hydrogen proton

1. EASIER OF RELEASING HYDROGEN ATOM
Lone pair electrons in oxygen of groups in phenol are localized they are involved in mesomerism (+M) i.e they are delocalized.

The delocalization of lone pair electron tends to form +ve charge in oxygen atom of group thus making easier to releasing oxygen proton.

There is no such occasion in alcohol

2. STABILITY OF PHENOXIDE ION FORMED AFTER RELEASING HYDROGEN PROTON

Consider


From above mechanism in phenoxide ion, it clearly understood negative charged electrons in oxygen atom of phenoxide is delocalized thus stabilizing the negative charge formed releasing hydrogen proton i.e ( it can exist on its own with combining with hydrogen proton). There is no such occusion alcoxide ion RO– formed in alcohol after releasing hydrogen proton.

Example with phenol form sodium phenoxide.

Alcohol+ alkaline solution No reaction

Phenol like other acid react with sodium carbonate evolve a gas which turns lime water milky.

But
No reaction


c) REACTION WITH CARBOXYLIC ACID

Alcohol react with carboxylic acid in presence of sulphuric to form ester and water.
i.e.


This verify that alcohol has basic character in this case phenol it does not react with carboxylic acid either in presence or in absence of suplhuric acid. This verify that phenol some alcohol character and hence phenol has higher strength than alcohol.

Examples

involved in the above reaction produce denser white fumes with ammonia so that reaction is used as test of presence of group in the compound.

Example

The production of either in above reaction is more favoured when is dilute and cold.

Ø With weak oxidation agent like primary alcohol tend to form aldehyde.

Example

With strong oxidizing agent like carboxylic acid is formed.

Example

-With either weak oxidizing or strong oxiding agent secondary alcohol from Ketone.

Generally

Example

– Lucas reagent is the mixture of concentrated HCl and ZnCl mixed at equal proportion.

– With Lucas reagent at room temperature, primary alcohol do not form
cloudness or turbidity ( insoluble substance) at all.



– Secondary alcohol tends to form turbidity ( insoluble substance which is chloroalkane within 5 minutes).

Example

Qn. Gave chemical test to distinguish between

i. Ethanol gives positive Iodoform test while propanol give negative Iodoform test.

ii. 1st TEST
With Lucas reagent at room temperature butan -2-ol give turbidity ( cloudness) within 5 minutes while butan -1-ol do not give turbidity at all.

2nd TEST ( Iodoform Test)
Butan -2- ol give positive iodoform test while but-1-ol give negative iodoform test.




iii.1st TEST
When butan -2- ol is mixed with solution the orange colour of is changed to green while 2- methylpropan- 2 – ol do not show any change.



2nd TEST
Butan decolourise KMnO4 with black ppt appearing at the bottom of the beaker which is deep purple while 2-methylpropan do not.




NECTA 2006 PP2 QN. 8(a)
Organic compound C4H10O reacts with PCl5 to form an organic compound “Q” In organic compound “N” and gas ‘R’ which produce denser white fumes with a aqueous ammonia “P” also react with a mixture of Iodine and NaOH forming a sodium salt “W” and triodomethane.

ANS:
The molecular formula confirm general molecular formula of CnH2n+2O

– Thus P is either alcohol or ether.
– A gas which produce dense white fumes with aquous ammonia is HCl
– So since the reaction “P” and PCl5 produce HCl then there is OH group in P.
– Hence compound “P” reacts with mixture of iodine and NaOH to give triodemethane then compound “P” give positive Iodoform.
– Hence in “P” there is terminal methyl groups bonded to carbon with group. This “P” is butan -2-ol.

Its structure is



– Q is 2 – chlorobutane
– Its structure is
– N is PoCl3
– R is HCl
– W – is sodium propanoate
– Its structure is

CHEMICAL REACTIONS OF PHENOL

Generally chemical reactions of phenol can be divided into two types;
i. Electrophilic substitution reactions inside OH– group.
ii. Electrophilic substitution reactions in benzene ring.


1. ELECTROPHILIC SUBSTITUTION REACTION INSIDE OH– GROUP

a) REACTION WITH ALKALINE SOLUTION
Unlike Alcohol, phenol react with alkaline soluble NaOH
i.e. Alcohol + Alkaline solution. e.g, No reaction



The reactions give one of the differences between alcohol and phenol

b) REACTION WITH ALKALING METALS
Phenol reacts, with alkaline metals like etc to form phenoxide and hydrogen gas is involved.



The reaction show one of the similarities between alcohol and phenol.
i.e
Alcohol + alkaline metal Allcoxide + Hydrogen gas.

c) FORMATION OF ETHER

Phenol react with haloalkane in presence of acqueous sodium hydroxide to form ether.

Generally



The reaction show another similarity between alcohol and phenol although in alcohol there is no need of .

i.e

Example



d) FORMATION OF ESTER
Phenol reacts with acyl compounds in presence of NaO to form ester.




and phenol i.e alcohol also reacts with acyl compounds to form ester although in alcohol there is no need of NaOH(aq).

e) REACTION WITH SODIUM CARBONATE.
Phenol reacts with sodium carbonate to form phenoxide and the gas which turn lime water milky i.e. CO2 gas is evolved.



– The reaction show another difference between alcohol and phenol i.e. Alcohol reacts with .




II. ELECTROPHILIC SUBSTITUTION REACTION IN BENZENE RING
– Under this heading phenol reacts like benzene the only difference is that OH– group in phenol directs incoming electrophile at ortho and Para position.



TESTS OF PHENOL
Phenol turns blue litmus paper into red

– With ion (III) Chloride phenol tends to form purple violet color of ion(III) phenoxide.




– With bromine water phenols tend to form white ppt of 2-tribomophenol.




SOME DIFFERENCES BETWEEN ALCOHOL AND PHENOL

SIMILARITIES BETWEEN ALCOHOL AND PHENOL

– Evolve hydrogen gas with alkaline metals.
– They form ether with haloalkane.
– They form ester with acyl compound.
– They reacts with hydrogen halide.