CHAPTER SEVEN: WORK, POWER AND ENERGY – PHYSICS S1-S2 NOTES

7.10  WORK

(a)  Introduction

The word “work” in everyday life describes any activity which requires muscular or mental effort. But in Physics, work has a special meaning. In the scientific sense, work involves motion and work is done when a force changes the position or speed of an object.

Definition:  Work is the product of a force applied to a body and the displacement of the body in the direction of the applied force.

Mathematically, it is expressed as:

 Work done = Force (F) x Distance (s) moved in the direction of the force

 Work done = Fs

Note:  1.
Work is only said to be done when a force moves its point of application along

the direction of its line of action.

1. If a force acts on a body and there is no motion, then there is no work done.
   
2. The distance must be in metres.
   

While work is done on a body, there is a transfer of energy to the body, and so work can be said to be energy in transit.

(b)  Factors which determine the amount of work done

From the formula of work, we can see that the amount of work done depends on:

1. The magnitude (size) of the force applied.
2. The distance moved.

The S.I unit of work is joule, J.

A joule is defined as the work done when a force of one Newton (1N) moves through a distance of
one metre (1m).

Larger units are:  – the kilojoule (kJ) and

 – the megajoule (MJ)

1 kJ  = 1 000 J  (10³ J)

1 MJ  = 1 000 000 J  (10⁶ J)

Work is also done in moving against some opposing force such as gravity and any form of resistance to the motion of the force.

For example:  (i)  When a crane is lifting a heavy load, work is done against the force

of gravity. Or when a person lifts a load to a given height.

(ii)  When a nail being driven into a wooden block by hammering, work is done against the resistance of the wood.

Worked Examples

1.  Calculate work done by an engine which exerts a force of 9000N over a distance of 6 m.

Solution:  Force, F = 9000 N,  Distance, s  = 6 m,  Work done = ?

Work done  = Force x Distance

= F x s

= 9000 x 6

\Work done  = 54,000 J  Or 54 kJ

2.  A man lifts a box of mass 3 kg vertical upwards through 2 m. If the, gravitational field, g is 10 m/s² , calculate the work done by the man in lifting the box.

Solution:  Mass of box = 3 kg, gravitational field, g = 10m/s² Force, F = mg, Distance, s = 2 m, Work done = ?

Work done  = Force x Distance

= mg x s

= 3 x 10 x 2

\Work done  = 60 J

1. In the diagram below, a force of 10 N acts on a block of weight 30 N placed on a rough

   table as shown in figure 7.1 below. Given that m
   is 0.2 and the block moves through a distance of 3 m.

    

   Calculate:  (a)  the useful work,

   (b)  the useless work; done if the block moves 3 m along the direction of the 10 N and the coefficient of friction is 0.2.

   Solution:  Method I
   

   (a)  Force applied, F = 10 N,  s = 3 m,  m = 0.2, Weight, W = R = 30 N

   Useful work done  = Resultant force x Distance moved

   = (Force applied – Frictional force) x s

   =  Where:   mR = Frictional force and

   =     R = Weight of the object
   

   = (10 – 6) x 3  = 4 x 3 N

   \
   Useful work done  = 12 J
   

   Method II
   

   Step I:   First calculate the frictional force

   Frictional force  = mR

   = 0.2 x 30

   = 6 N

    Step II:   Calculate the Resultant Force

    Resultant Force  = Force applied – Frictional force

    = 10 – 6

    = 4 N

    Step III:  Now calculate the useful work done from the formula:

   Work done  = Resultant force x Distance
   

    = 4 x 3

   \
   Useful work done  = 12 J
   

   7.2  POWER
   

   Power is defined as the rate of doing work. Or

   Power is the rate of performing work or transferring energy.

   Power measures how quickly work is done.

   Mathematically speaking, power is equal to the work done divided by the time interval over which the work is performed.

   I.e. Power =

   In the sense of power being defined as rate of transfer of energy, we can also mathematically express power as:

   Power =

   S.I unit of power
   

   The S.I unit of power is the Watt (W).

   The watt is defined as the rate of doing work at one joule per second.

   1 Watt  = 1 Joule per second.

   i.e  1 W  = 1 J/s

   Larger units of power are:

   –  The Kilowatt (kW) and

   –  Mega watt (MW)

   1 kW   = 1000W  (10³ W)

   1MW   = 1 000 000W (10⁶ W)  

   1 MW   = 1 000 kW

   NB:  1.  Engine power is sometimes measured in horse power (hp).

   1 hp  = 746 W ≈ ¾ kW

   2.  From   Work done  = Force x Distance

   Power = = F x But Velocity =

   \ Power  = Force x Velocity
   

    

   Worked Examples
   

    

   1.  Calculate the power of a water pump which can fill a water tank 10 m height with 3000 kg of water in 20 s. (Assume g = 10 ms^-2).

    

   Solution:  m = 3000 kg, h = 10 m, g = 10 m^-2, P = ?

    We can solve this problem by using any one of the methods below.

    Method I
   

    Step I: First calculate the work done.

   Work done  = Force x Distance

   = mg x s

   = 3000 x 10 x 10

   \Work done  = 300,000 J or 3 x 10⁵J
   

    Step II:   Now calculate the power from the formula:

   Power  =

   =

   \ Power  = 15,000 W
   

    Method II  Substitute the values in the data collected directly as shown below.

   Power  =

   =

   =

   =

   =

   \ Power  = 15,000 W
   

   2.  A man lifts a box of mass 10 kg through a vertical height of 2 m in 4 seconds. Calculate the power he developed.

   Solution:  m = 10 kg, h = 2 m, t = 4 s, g = 10 m^-2, P = ?

   Using the formula  Power  =

   =

   =

   = 50 W
   

    

    

   7.21  Measurement of Human Power
   

    

   The rate of working of a person is at its highest when he or she is running up a hill or up stairs lifting his or her own weight. So human power can be measured by measuring the total vertical height of a stairway and the time taken to run up the vertical height.

   Experiment
   

   Apparatus:  Stop watch, Weighing scale, a long flight of steps.

   Procedure
   

• Run up a long flight of steps while someone times you using a stop watch.
• Make three attempts each time the person records the time taken.
• Weigh your self on weighing machine to get your mass.

Calculations

Þ  Calculating the Vertical height

Measure the height of one step and count the number of steps you climbed.

Find the total vertical height from the formula:

Vertical height   = Height of one step x Number of steps

Þ  Average time taken

Find the average time taken from the formula;

Average time taken  =

For the case of above, Average time taken, t  =

 Where are the times taken in seconds in the three attempts.

• The Power
  

  The power can then be calculated using any one of the following methods.

Method I

Step I:  First calculate work done:

   = Force overcome x Vertical distance climbed

   = mg h

Where h  = Height of 1 step x Number of steps in metres

 \
 = mg x Height of 1 step x Number of steps

 Step II: Now calculate the power developed from the formula:

Power =

=  h = as defined in step I above.

\ Power  = x

Method II

Simply calculate the power from the formula

 Power  = x

Example

1.  A boy of mass 60 kg runs up a flight of 60 steps in 10 seconds. If the height of one step is 20 cm, calculate the power he developed.

 Solution

 When collecting the data, always remember that the h must be in metres.

 m = 60 kg, t = 10 s, height of 1 step = 20 cm = = 0.2 m

Method I

Step I:   First calculate work done:

   = Force overcome x Vertical distance climbed

   = mgh

= mg x Height of 1 step x Number of steps

= 60 x 0.2 x 60

 \
Work done by the boy  = 720 J

Step II:   Now calculate the power developed from the formula:

Power =

=

\ Power  = 72 W

Method II

Simply calculate the power from the formula

 Power  = x

=

\ Power  = 72 W

7.3  ENERGY

Energy is defined as, capacity of matter to perform work. Or Energy is the ability to work.

(a)  The S.I unit of energy

Like work, the SI unit of energy is joule, J.

Energy exists in various forms, including

• Mechanical, thermal, chemical, electrical, radiant, and atomic.

All forms of energy are interconvertable by appropriate processes. In the process of transformation either kinetic or potential energy may be lost or gained, but the sum total of the two remains always the same. This is in accordance with the Law of Conservation of Energy.

(b)  The Law of Conservation of Energy

The law states that:  Energy can neither be created nor destroyed, but only changes from one form to another thus the sum total always remains the same.

7.31  Forms of energy

Energy exists in various forms. The various forms are shown in the table below.

Table 7.1

7.32  Sources of Energy

Sources of energy are the raw materials for production of energy. They can be classified into two main categories namely:

1. Renewable energy sources
2. Non-renewable energy sources.

(a)  Renewable energy sources

These are energy sources which cannot be exhausted.

Examples of renewable sources of energy include:

• Solar energy – energy tapped from the sun using solar panels.
• Hydroelectric energy  – electric energy produced from falling water which rotates turbines connected to generator which intern produce

  electricity.

• Wind energy – electric energy produced from moving air which rotates

  turbines connected to generator which intern produce

  electricity.

  (b)  Non-renewable energy sources.
  

These are energy sources which once used cannot be replaced.

Examples of non-renewable sources of energy include:

• Fossil fuels (oil, coal and natural gas. Fossil fuels are formed from remains of plants and animals which have accumulated over millions of years).
• Nuclear energy.

7.33  Mechanical Energy

In mechanics, energy is divided into two kinds, namely:

• Potential energy and
• Kinetic energy.

(a)  Potential energy (p.e)  

Potential energy
is the form of energy possessed by a body as a result of its position at rest.

For example, a body lifted to a height, h, above the surface of the earth is said to possess p.e.

When something is lifted vertically upwards, work is done against the gravitational force acting on the body (i.e its weight) and this work is stored in the body as gravitational potential energy.

Another example of Potential energy is the elastic potential energy stored in a stretched spring or catapult.

Formula of Potential Energy

Suppose a body of mass m kg is raised to a height of h metres at a place where the acceleration due to gravity is g m/s².

Then  Force overcome (Weight), F  = mg …………….……  (1)

Work done on the body  = F x s ………………….  (2)

Substituting equation (1) in equation (2) i.e replacing F in equation (2) with mg in equation (1) we have,

Work done on the body  = mg x s

But the work done = gravitational potential energy (p.e) and s = h,

\  P.E  = mgh

Recall that: m = mass of the body in kg.

g = acceleration due to gravity (m/s²).

h = height in metres.

Example

1.  A box of mass 5 kg is raised to a height of 2 metres above the ground. Calculate the potential energy stored in the stone (take g = 10 ms^-2)

Solution:  Mass of box = 5 kg, gravitational field, g = 10m/s² Height, h = 2 m,  

Applying P.e  = mgh

= 5 x 10 x 2

\ P.E  = 100 J or 0.1 kJ

2.  A man has raised a load of 25 kg on a platform 160 cm vertically above the ground. If the value of gravity is 10m/s², calculate the potential energy gained by the box when it is on the platform.

Solution:  Mass of stone  = 25 kg, gravitational field, g = 10m/s²

Height, h = 160 cm  = = 1.6 m, P.E = ?  

P.e  = mgh

= 25 x 10 x 1.6

  \ P.E = 400 J or 0.4 kJ

(b)  Kinetic energy (k.e)

Kinetic energy is the energy possessed by a moving body.

Examples of kinetic energy include:

– Moving bullet, Moving car, etc.

A body possessing k.e does work by overcoming resistance force when it strikes something.

Formula of Kinetic energy (k.e)

Kinetic energy can be calculated from the formula;

K.E  = ½mv²  Where  m = mass (kg), v = velocity (m/s) .

Note that:  Kinetic energy is directly proportional to the speed or velocity of a body. Therefore, the faster the body moves, the more the kinetic energy it has.

The derivation of the above formula, K.E  = ½mv^{2 .} (NB: NOT important at ‘O’ Level)

Consider a body of mass, m, moving with an initial velocity, u, from rest and is acted upon by a force, F. The force gives the body an acceleration, a, and acquires a final velocity, v, after covering a distance, s in metres.

 These quantities are related by the equation of linear motion (See chapter 11).

 v²  = u² + 2as

 Since  u = 0 then  v²  = 2as  Þ a  =  ……………………  (1)

 Now   Work done    = Force x Distance

 = F x s  

But  F  = ma (Newton’s second law of motion)

\ Substituting for F, we have:

Work done  = mas  …………………………….(2)

Substituting equation (1) in equation (2), i.e. substituting for a in equation (2), we obtain

Work done  =

 = ½mv²

By the law of conservation of energy, the work done by the force F in pushing the body through the distance s will all be converted into kinetic energy of the body.

K.E  = ½mv²

Worked Examples

1. Calculate the k.e of a bullet of mass 0.05 kg moving with velocity of 500 m/s.

Solution:  m = 0.05 kg,  v = 500 m/s,  k.e = ?

Kinetic Energy  = ½m v² = ½ x 0.05 x 500² = 6,250 J or 6.25 kJ

1. A 10 g bullet traveling at 400 m/s penetrates 20 cm into a wooden block. Calculate the

   average force exerted by the bullet.

Solution:  m = 10 g = kg,   v = 400 m/s,  distance = 20 cm = m, k.e = ?

 Note:  This question seem to be difficult and quite different.

Hint:  The work done in penetrating the block is related to the average force by the formula:

Work Done = Fs, so find the work done first and then use the above formula to find F.

Kinetic Energy = ½ x m v²= = = 5 x 40 x 4 = 800 J

This kinetic energy is converted into work in penetrating the wooden block  

Applying  Work done  = Force x Distance

800  = F x

20 F  = 800 x 100

F  =

\ F  = 4 000 N

7.34  The Law of Conservation of Energy

The law states that:  Energy can neither be created nor destroyed, but only changes from one form to another.

Interchange of Energy between P.e and K.e

Energy is interchangeable between p.e and k.e depending on the body’s present state. This interchange between p.e and k.e is seen in the following:

1. Simple pendulum.
2. Falling object e.g. stone.

1. Simple pendulum
   

In a swinging pendulum bob, the energy of the bob can be either p.e or k.e or both. This is explained in the diagram below.

Facts about a swinging pendulum

• At the extreme ends (A and C) of the swing, the energy is all potential energy and maximum since h is maximum at A and C.
• When passing through the rest position ( i.e B), it is all kinetic energy and maximum. This is because at B, v = maximum and h = 0. And since h = 0, P.e = 0.
  • While at the intermediate points (i.e between AB and BC) the energy is partly kinetic and partly potential.

(b)  Falling object e.g stone

Consider a piece of stone raised to a certain height above the ground level and let to fall.

At the maximum height, it possesses potential energy and no kinetic energy.

As the stone falls, its velocity increases. Since kinetic energy is directly proportional to the square of the velocity, then the k.e of the stone increases at the expense of the p.e (i.e at any particular moment, the stone possesses both p.e and k.e).

Ignoring the energy losses due to the air resistance, then the loss in p.e is equal to the gain in k.e in accordance with the Law of Conservation of Energy.

Consider the diagram below

Note that:  Potential energy decreases from maximum to zero and the kinetic energy increases to maximum. This is because as the h value decreases to zero, the velocity increases to maximum.

 (c)  Energy Transformations

By means of suitable mechanisms and apparatus, energy can be transformed from one form to another. This is shown in the table 7.2 below.

Figure 7.2

7.4  Engines

An engine is a machine for converting energy into motion or mechanical work. The energy is usually supplied in the form of a chemical fuel, such as oil or gasoline, steam, or electricity, and the mechanical work is most commonly delivered in the form of rotary motion of a shaft.

(a)  Classification of Engines

Engines are usually classified according to the following:

(i)  The form of energy they utilize, as:

– Steam, compressed
air, and gasoline

(ii)  The type of motion of their principal parts, as:

• Reciprocating and rotary

(iii)  The place where the exchange from chemical to heat energy takes place, as:

• Internal-combustion and external combustion

(iv)  The method by which the engine is cooled, as:

– Air-cooled or Water-cooled

(v)  The position of the cylinders of the engine, as:

– V, in-line, and radial

1. The number of strokes of the piston for a complete cycle, as:

• Two-stroke and Four-stroke

(vii)  The type of cycle, as:

• Otto (in
  ordinary gasoline engines) and diesel and

1. The use for which the engine is intended, as:

• Automobile and
• Airplane engines.

NB:  Engines are often called motors, although the term motor is sometimes restricted to engines that transform electrical energy into mechanical energy. Other specialized engines are the windmill, gas turbine, steam turbine, and rocket and jet engines.

(b)  Internal Combustion Engine (Heat Engines)

A heat engine is a machine which changes heat energy (obtained by burning fuel) to kinetic energy. The common heat engines are:

1. Petrol Engine and
2. Diesel Engine

In internal combustion engine e.g. petrol engine or diesel engine, fuel is burnt in the cylinder where the energy change occurs.

(c)  The Components of Internal-Combustion Engine

The basic components of an internal-combustion engine are:

(i)  The engine block,  – made of cast iron or aluminum alloy and houses the

cylinders, pistons, and crankshaft.

(ii)  Cylinder head – This is the upper part of the engine. It is bolted to the top of

the block and seals the tops of the cylinders.

(iii)  Cylinders  – This refers to the cylindrical space in which the piston

reciprocates (i.e. moves freely up and down).

(iv)  Pistons  –These are cylindrical metals fitted with rings for tight fitting.

They move up and down thus compressing the mixture of air and fuel against the cylinder head prior to ignition.The top of the piston forms the floor of the combustion chamber.

(v)  Valves An engine valve is a metal shaft with a disk at one end fitted to block

the opening. And the other end of the shaft is mechanically linked to camshaft.

There are two valves:

– Inlet valve  – Controls the entry of fuel vapour in to the combustion engine.

 – Outlet valve  – control the exit of exhaust gases out of the combustion chamber.

(vi)  Crankshaft  This is the part of the engine which transforms the reciprocating

motion of the piston into rotary motion.

It rotates at speeds ranging from about 600 to thousands of revolutions per minute (rpm), depending on how much fuel is delivered to the cylinders thus allowing the up and down movement of the piston.

(vii)  Camshaft  This a round rod with odd-shaped lobes located inside the engine

block or in the cylinder head.

7.41  Petrol (Otto-cycle) engine (Four-stroke engine)

The ordinary Otto-cycle engine is a four-stroke engine; that is, in a complete power cycle, its pistons make four strokes, two toward the head (closed head) of the cylinder and two away from the head. In a gasoline engine a volatile mixture of fuel and air is ignited within a cylinder causing a sudden expenditure of gases. The expanding gases push down on a piston which turns the crankshaft.

A stroke is one movement of the piston either up or down. Most cars use four stroke cycle. The piston moves four strokes and the repeats the action continuously.

Figure 7.5

Mechanism of a four stroke engine

The mechanism of the four stroke engine is divided into:

• Intake stroke, Compression stroke, Power stroke and Exhaust stroke.

What happen in every stroke are illustrated in the diagrams below.

Figure 7.6

1.  Intake

During in take (the first stroke of the cycle), the piston moves down (i.e. away from the cylinder head), the intake valve opens. A quantity of a fuel and air mixture is drawn into the combustion chamber.

2.  Compression stroke

During the compression stroke, the valve closes, piston moves up and the fuel-air mixture is compressed.

3.  Power stroke (the moment when the piston reaches the end of this stroke)

In the power stroke, both valves close and the volume of the combustion chamber is at a minimum, the spark plug produces electric spark, the fuel mixture ignites and burns. The expanding gaseous products exert pressure on the piston and force it down.

4.  Exhaust stroke

During the final stroke (exhaust stroke), the exhaust valve opens and the piston moves up, driving the exhaust gases out of the combustion chamber and leaving the cylinder ready to repeat the cycle.

7.42  Diesel Engine

A Diesel Engine is a type of internal-combustion engine in which heat caused by air compression ignites the fuel.

The essential parts of diesel engines are similar to gasoline internal-combustion engines. But they differ in the following ways.

• They do not use spark plugs for igniting the air-fuel mixture.
• Diesel engines compress air inside the cylinders with greater force than a gasoline engine does, producing temperatures hot enough to ignite the diesel fuel on contact.
• Combustion takes place at constant volume rather than at constant pressure.
• During the in take stroke, is only drawn.

Like petrol engines, most diesel engines are four-stroke engines but they operate differently than the four-stroke Otto-cycle engines.

Mechanism of Four stroke Diesel Engines

1.  Intake stroke During the intake stroke, the inlet valve opens; air is drawn

into the combustion chamber.

2.  Compression stroke  On the second, or compression, stroke the air is compressed

to a small fraction of its former volume and is heated to approximately 440° C by this compression.

3.  Power stroke At the end of the compression stroke, vaporized fuel is

injected into the combustion chamber and burns instantly because of the high temperature of the air in the chamber. This combustion forces the piston down.

4.  Exhaust stroke  During the final stroke (exhaust stroke), the exhaust valve

opens and the piston moves up, driving the exhaust gases out of the combustion chamber and leaving the cylinder ready to repeat the cycle.

Facts about Diesel Engines

• Diesels engines are, in general, slow-speed engines with crankshaft speeds of 100 to 750 revolutions per minute (rpm) as compared to 2500 to 5000 rpm for typical Otto-cycle engines.
• Some types of diesel engine, however, have speeds up to 2000 rpm. Because they use compression ratios of 14 or more to 1, they are generally more heavily built than petrol engines, but this disadvantage is counterbalanced by their greater efficiency and the fact that they can be operated on less expensive fuel oils.
• They are commonly used in large trucks or buses and machinery.

Advantages of diesel engines over petrol engines

1. Diesel engines are more efficient than petrol engines
2. They consume less fuel and therefore, they are less expensive to operate than gasoline-powered engines, partly because diesel fuel costs less.
3. Diesel engines emit fewer waste products than petrol engines.

Disadvantage of diesel engines

Diesel engines produce sooty and smelly smoke.

1. Two-Stroke Engines
   

   Mechanism of two-stroke diesel engine
   

• In the two-stroke cycle, the fuel mixture or air is introduced through the intake port when the piston is fully withdrawn from the cylinder.
• The compression stroke follows, and the charge is ignited when the piston reaches the end of this stroke.
• The piston then moves outward on the power stroke, uncovering the exhaust port and permitting the gases to escape from the combustion chamber.

NB:  – The power of a two-stroke engine is usually double that of a four-stroke engine of

comparable size.

– The general principle of the two-stroke engine is to shorten the periods in which fuel is

introduced to the combustion chamber and in which the spent gases are exhausted to a

small fraction of the duration of a stroke instead of allowing each of these operations to

occupy a full stroke.

7.44  Carburetor and Fuel-Injection System

(a)  Carburetor  A carburetor is a device that mixes fuel and air for burning in an internal-combustion engine. It atomizes (converts into a vapor of tiny droplets) liquid gasoline. An air-flow carries the atomized gasoline to the engine’s cylinders, where the gas is ignited.

(b)  Fuel-Injection System

A fuel-injection system is a system of delivering fuel to an internal-combustion engine. In a fuel-injection system, electronically controlled fuel injectors spray measured amounts of fuel into each of the engine’s cylinders where the fuel is burned to power the engine.

The fuel-injection system replaces the carburetor in most new vehicles. Its advantage over carburetor is that it provides a more efficient fuel delivery system.

(c)  Factors limiting the efficiency heat engines

The efficiency of a modern Otto-cycle engine is limited by a number of factors. These include energy losses:  (i)  By cooling and  (ii)  Friction.

(d)  Improving the efficiency of heat engines

The efficiency of heat engines is increased by equipping all engines with:

(i)  Cooling system and  (ii)  Lubricating system.

1. Cooling System
   

   Cooling in engines is achieved by circulating water. A water pump circulates engine coolant, a mixture of water and antifreeze, through the non-moving parts of the engine to absorb heat. The coolant routes through tubes in the radiator, where heat passes through the tubes into the metal fins. A fan blows air through the fins to increase the rate of cooling. In addition to this, the radiator is painted black in order to increase the rate of cooling since ‘black colour’ is a good emitter of heat energy.

    

2. Lubricating System
   

   In the lubricating system, a pump circulates motor oil, the main lubricant in an auto mobile engine is called galleries. It is circulated to all the moving parts of the engine. The lubricating system reduces the friction produced by the engine’s moving parts, which rub against each other thousands of times per minute.

   NB:  Before the oil circulates, it passes through an oil filter which strains particles from the oil.
   

Self-Check  7.0

1.  A crane raises a mass of 500 kg vertically upwards at a speed of 10 ms^-1. Find the power developed

A. 5.0 x 10⁰ B. 5.0 x 10¹  C. 5.0 x 10² D. 5.0 x 10⁴

2.  A girl whose mass is 50 kg runs up a staircase 25 m high in 4 s. Find the power she develops.

A. B. C.  D.

3.  A train traveling at a constant speed of 20 m/s overcomes a resistive force of 8 kN. The power of the train is

A. (8 x 20) W   B. (8x10x20) W C. (8 x 100 x 20) W  D. (8 x 1000 x 20) W

4.  A pump is rated at 400W. How many kilograms of water can it raise in one hour through a height of 72m?

A. 0.8kg B. 5.6kg C. 33.3kg    D. 2000kg

5.  A boy carrying a load of 6 kg runs upstairs. If the work that the boy does is 300 J, find the height of the stairs.

A. 3m B. 5m C. 6m D. 10m

6.  Tony can pull a box 2m in 5 sec. Ever (Tony’s sister) can pull the same box in 10 sec. Assuming both apply the same force, what is the ratio of Tony’s power to the sister’s power = ?

A. 1 B. 2 C. ½ D. 4

7.  An engine exerts a force of 2000N at a speed of 15ms^-1. Find the power developed by the engine in kW.

A. 30 000 B. 3 000 C. 300 D. 30

8.  A constant force of 5N acts on a body and moves it through a distance of 20m in 10 seconds. Calculate its power.

A. 2.5W B. 10W C. 40W    D. 100W

9.  A mouse of mass 0.03 kg climbs through a distance of 2 m up a wall in 4 s. The power expended in watts is

A. 0.03 x 2 x 4 x 10  B.  C.  D.

10.  A bullet of mass 0.02kg is fired with a speed of 40m s^-1. Calculate its kinetic energy.

A. 0.4 J. B. 0.8 J. C. 16 J.    D. 32 J.

11.  Which of the following statements is true about an electric motor? It changes

A. Kinetic energy to electric energy B. Electrical energy to light energy

C. Electrical energy to kinetic energy  D. Chemical energy to electrical energy

12.  A body pulls a block of wood with a force of 30N through a distance of 300m in 2 minutes. Find the power he develops, if he pulls the block at a constant speed.

 A. B. C.  D.

13.  A ball of 1kg bounces off the ground to a height of 2m after falling from a height of 5m, find the energy lost.

A. 5 J B. 20 J C. 30 J D. 50 J

14.  A man weighing 800N climbs a vertical distance of 15m in 30s. What is the average power out put?

A. 80/3 W B. 800/15 W C. 400 W D. 5 kW

15.  In which action(s) below is there a work done?

I.  Pushing a wall without moving it. II. Taking a book from a table to a higher shelf.

III.  Walking on a bridge for 50 m

A. I only B. II only C. III only D. II and III only

16.  A bullet of mass 5g is fired at a speed of 400ms^-1. How much energy does it have?

A. ½ x 5 x 10² x 400J B. ½ x 5 x 10³ x 400J

C. ½ x 5 x 10^-3 x 400 x 400J D. ½ x 5 x 10² x 400 x 400J

17.  Which of the following forms mechanical energy?

A. Electrical energy and kinetic energy  B. Potential energy and nuclear energy

C. Nuclear energy and kinetic energy D. Potential energy and kinetic energy

18.  An object, of mass 2kg, dropped from the top of a building hits the ground with kinetic energy of 900J. The height of the building is

A. 30m B. 45m C.90m D. 180m

19.  A mass attached to the end of a string moves up and down to maximum and minimum points X and Y as shown in figure 7.1 below. When the mass is at X the

A. kinetic energy is maximum, potential energy is minimum

B. kinetic energy is zero, potential is maximum

C. kinetic energy is equal to potential energy

D. kinetic energy and potential energy are both zero

20.  An electric motor of power 500 watts lifts an object of 100 kg. How high can the object be raised in 20 sec?

A. 40m B. 30m C. 20m D. 10m

21.  A motor can pull a 400 kg box up to a height of 10m in 4 sec. What is the power of the motor in kW?

A. 10 B. 20 C. 30 D. 40

22.  The diagram in the figure 3 shows an oscillation pendulum lob. Which of the following statements is true about its motion?

A. the K.E at B is equal to the K.E at A

B. the K.E at B is less than the P.E at A

C. the K.E at B is equal to the P.E at A.

D. the K.E at B is greater than the P.E at Z.

23.  A toy car is pulled with a force of 10 N for 5m. If the friction force between the block and the surface is 5N, what is the net work done on the toy car?

A. 50 J B. 100 J C. 200 J D. 25 J

24.  The energy changes that take place when a stone falls freely from rest to the ground can be orderly arranged as:

A. Kinetic energy  → Potential energy  → Sound energy  → Heat.

B. Sound energy  → Potential energy  → Kinetic energy  → Heat.

C. Potential energy  → Sound energy  → Kinetic energy  → Heat.

D. Potential energy  → Kinetic energy  → Heat energy  → Sound.

25.  Ali and Veli move identical boxes equal distances in a horizontal direction. Since Ali is a weak child, the time needed for him to carry his box is two times longer than for Veli. Which of the following is true for Ali and Veli.

A. Ali does less work than Veli B. Veli does less work than Ali.

C. Each does the same work. D. Neither Ali nor Veli do any work

SECTION B

26.  (a)  Define the following terms.

(i)  Work. (ii)  Power.  

 (b)  State and define the SI units of the terms you have defined above.

(c)  A crane lifts a load of 3500 N through a vertical height of 5 m in 5 second.

Calculate:  (i)  the work done.  

(ii)  the power developed by the crane.

27.  (a)  Define the term energy and state the SI unit for measuring it.

(b)  Distinguish between potential energy and kinetic energy.

(c)  A block of mass 2 kg falls freely from rest through a distance of 3m. Find the kinetic energy of the block.

28.  (a)  Define a joule.

 (b)  Describe briefly how you can measure your power.

(c)  A boy of mass 45 kg runs up a flight of 60 steps in 5 seconds. If each step is 12 cm.

Calculate:  (i)  the work done against gravity by the boy.

 (ii)  the power developed by the boy.  

29.  (a)  (i)  State the types of heat engines you know.

(ii)  Describe the mechanism of operation of a four stroke petrol engine.

 (b) (i)  What are the factors that affect the efficiency of an engine?

(ii)  State how the factors you have stated in (c) above are minimized in a heat engine.