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THEME 2.0: CROP PRODUCTION
ANNUAL FIELD CROPS PRODUCTION
Meaning of field crops: Non-horticultural grown for economic importance.
Categories:
a) Cereals: These are crops bearing seeds which are called grains-They include; paddy, maize, millet, wheat, sorghum.
b) Legumes: These includes: Kidney beans, soya beans, cow peas, pigeon peas
c) Root crops: Cassava, round potatoes, sweet potatoes.
d) Oil crops: Ground nuts, sunflower, simsim.
e) Fibre crops: Cotton, sisal.
f) Medicinal crops: Tobacco.
g) Beverage crops: Coffee, tea.
h) Spice crops: Cloves and ginger.
Roles:
1) Food supply
2) Supply of industrial raw material
3) Sources of employment
4) Foreign exchange
5) Improving living standard-Health wise, Clothing, Economic wise.
A. PRODUCTION OF CEREAL CROP
MAIZE
Scientific name: Lea maize
Origin: Mexico Family: Graminae
Characteristics
∙ Height depends on the variety but 1.2m-2.5m
∙ Fibrous root system and parallel leaves, wind pollinated.
∙
Both male and female parts are on the female (male is same plant). NB: Upper part (male) Tussels lower part (female) –sill (cob)
Variety:
i. Hybrid varieties
a. Single cross
A*B} e.g. H511, H611, H612
A B}
b. Three way cross
AXB}
ABXC}
e.g. H632, H603
ABC}
c. Double cross
AXB CXD
AB CD
ABCD
ii. Open pollinated varieties (composites)
ECOLOGY
∙ Altitude: 0-2400m a.s.l
∙ Temperature: grows in wide range of temperature but hybrids in low temp while composites in high temp
∙ Rainfall: Well distributed amount of rainfall 850-1500mm is preferred.
∙ Soil: Well drained fertile soil of PH 5-7 is ideal.
FIELD HUSBANDRY
∙ Land preparation
∙ Bush cleaning, ploughing and harrowing creating moderate fine soil
∙ Planting: Early and timely planting is essential because of avoiding diseases and pests.
o Use of nitrogen flush with depth of planting 2.5-5cm deep.
∙ Spacing: Different between varieties, soil fertility and rainfall availability
Generally 90cmX30cm- normal/ optimum conditions, 75cmX25cm-highly fertilizer soils
o Two seeds/ hole, seed rate 20-25 kg/hector
∙ Fertilizer application: Depends on soil analysis recommendation but generally.
At planting- organic manure, in organic manure, phosphate 40-60kg p202/h hectors
After weeding- Top dressing of nitrogenous fertilizer is done 75-100kg of SA/hect. Done by hand or machine.
∙ Weeding: Proper and timely weeding is necessary to reduce weed plant competition are reduce risks of pests.
o Good weeding should be when the plant is at 4-5 leaf stage at knee height.
o Weeding can be done manually, mechanically or chemically using 2-4D and Altrazine2.5-5 litre/ hect fore past emergence broad leaf killer and paraquant, gramoxine, cesaprim, round up as non – selective pre emergence.
∙ Pest control
∙ Maize stalk borer- Buseula fueca
Damage symptoms: Caterpillar feeds on young tender leaves and stalk resulting into dead heart symptoms, windowing of leaves and stunted growth with poor seed setting
Control
∙ Early planting
∙ Timely weeding
∙ Burning of crop residues
∙ Chemicals e.g. thiodan dust or spray after 1st weeding
∙ Maize leaf hopper- Licadulina ubla
Symptoms
∙ They stuck the leaves causing maize streak diseases
Yellow parallel lines along1 the leaves are seen impairing chlorophyll for photosynthesis.
Control
∙ early planting
∙ Use of resistant varieties e.g. Kito and Kamani.
∙ American boll worm: Heliothis amigera Symptoms
Caterpillar’s boreholes in the cobs causing rusting and destructing of seed/ kernels.
Control
∙ Early planting
∙ Burning crop residues
∙ Use of chemicals e.g. Thiodan
∙ Cut worms: Agaratus spp
Symptoms
Damage seedlings as they emergence
Control
∙ Chemical spray e.g. Thiodan or Aldrin 40
∙ Army worms: Spodoptera execipta
Damage
∙ They eat the whole plant.
∙ Control: Use of chemicals e.g. Sumithion, EC spray, thiodan spray.
∙ Aphids: Rhaprolosiphure maydis
Symptoms
∙ They are greensh/ brownish insects feed by sucking the plant under nearth the leaves.
Control
o Insecticide spray
DISEASES CONTROL
i. Maize leaf streak: Viral diseases caused by virus transmitted by leaf hopper.
Symptoms
o Yellow/ White along the leaf veins, chlorophyll are destroyed and started growth.
Control
o Early planting
o Use of resistant varieties
o Uprooting affected plants
o Crop rotation
ii. Maize leaf rust: Fungal disease caused by Puccina sorghum
Control
o Use of resistant varieties varieties e.g. IMVI, Staha, Katumani .
o Early planting.
HARVESTING
o When the crop has reached 18%-25% moisture content it is for harvesting.
o This can be detected when the cob harvesting farming black colour near the leaf strength
o The harvested cob maize is further dried in well prepared cribs.
o Shelling is later done when at 11%-12% moisture seed dressing is then done before storage using such chemicals e.g. Actelic.
MARKETING: Is done through local markets.
RICE
Scientific name: Oryza sativa
Origin: India (Indo -China)
Distribution in Tanzania
∙ Mbeya – Mbarali, Kyela
∙ Morogoro – Dakawa, Ifakara,
∙ Kilombero Coast – Ruvu, Bagamoyo, Rufiji
∙ Kilimanjaro – Lower Moshi Irrigation
∙ Shinyanga/ Tabora – Maronga Irrigation
Varieties: Afaa Mwanza- Kilomber, Sindano
Types
i. Indica characteristics
o Long and weak
o Drought resistant
o Low tillering capacity
o Have strong arma
o Grains are long and narrow
o High amylase content which result to be less glutamic
ii. Japanica characteristics
o Short and steady stems
o Short and broad grains
o High tillering ability
o Low amylase content resulting to be more glutamic
ECOLOGY
∙ Altitude: 1200m a.s.t
∙ Temperature: Require high temperature and prolonged sunshine 20-30c.
∙ Rainfall: its hydrophytes hence require 3-4 months of well distributed 800mm rainfall. FIELD HUSBANDRY
Land preparation
∙ Usually done at the end of wet season to allow decomposition of straws
∙ For irrigated rise the field should be level to allow easy distribution of water.
∙ The field should be free from weeds. Planting
Direct planting either broadcasting or dibbling, Transplanting: Use of nursery propagation.
Advantages of using Nursery
∙ Lower seed rate used.
∙ Better spacing control.
∙ Better weed control.
∙ Better management of initial stages.
∙ Shortens the field period of which the plant will remain. Disadvantages
∙ Require high labour during transplanting.
∙ Require a lot of water and clearing during transplanting
Spacing
During transplanting 18-20cm between two rows and 10-15cm within the rows
Water management for irrigated rice: Irrigation channel should be kept clean.
o Low water level should be maintained soon after germination in the ready weeds increased as crops get high
o When herbicides and fertilizer are applied, periodic drainage is important to be done.
1st planting/ transplanting
2nd at tilling
3rd at mode elongation
4th booking/ provide formation
Fertilizer application: 60-120kg of nitrogenous fertilizer/ hect should be applied on the above periods
Phosphorus 45-60kgs P2 05 /hect of ISP, DSP, NPK
Weeding
Types of weeds
o Bam yard grass- Echinocina corona
o Guinea fowl grass- Proltbrolia spp
o Wild rice- Oryza bathii, Oryza porictata
o Nut grass- Cyperus rotundus
Control
o Manual uprooting
o Herbicides e.g. Beragram 4l/ hact
o Use of weed free seeds
o Use of clean planting material
o Crop rotation
o Cleaning of irrigation channels
Diseases control
Ride Blast: Fungal diseases caused by Pycularia Oryzae
Symptoms: Formation of spindle shaped lesion on leaves and broken neck symptoms in panides
Control
o Use of resistant varieties
Spray fungicides
∙ Cultural practices e.g. uprooting infected plants.

TYPES
LOCATION
A
-Lowland rain forest(0-200ma.s.l)
Rainfall:Above1500m
-Eastern Usambara mountains.
-Uluguru mountain sand lower slopes of
Udzungwa mountains.
B
-Upland rainforest(above1500m)
Rainfall:Above1500m
-Western Usambara
-Kilimanjaro, Rungwe, Pare and Uluguru mountains.
C
-Lowland dry ever green forest(0-1500m)with
poor rainfall
-Shores of lake Victoria and LakeTanganyika.
D
-Upland dry ever green forest(1200mabove)with
poor rainfall
-Distribution of 850-1300mm or less accompanied by permanent dry.
-Found indried North Western slopes of
Usambara, Kilimanjaro and Merumountains.
-Major portion of parents.
E
-Ground water forest
-On ground with high water table
F
-River line forest
-Patches surrounding sprung a long river
banks,stream and lake.
G
-Swamp forest (from sea level upwards)
-Found inland or high saline water and water
loged soils.
H
-Saline water swamp forest(mangrove)
-Found in the estuaries of Rufiji and Ruvuma
rivers.
-Along mainland coastlineMoyiaandWest
Coast of Pemba.
VALUE
EXAMPLE OF THE TREE SPECIES
A] TIMBER
-Milicia excels(mvule)
-Tectoria grand is(mtiki)
-Pinus patula(pine)
-Cypres suslustarica(mbani)
-Grevillea robusta
B]POLES
-Casuatina equriselifolia(mvinje)
-Eucalyptus saligna(mkaratus)
C] FUEL WOOD
-Eucalyptus spp
-Aeacia spp
-Azadirachter indica(mwarobaini,neemtree)
-Leucacina leucocephale
-Casualina conninghania
D] SHELTER
-Casucania equisetifal
-Leucaenia ceuvonephela
-Azadirachitaindica
E] PULP
-Eucalptusglobus
-Pinuspatula
F] SOIL
CONSERVATION
-Mangrooves(mikoko)
-Casuarinaglobus
-Aquaramaarusei
-Leucaenaleucocephala
-Sebasbaniabisphinoba
-Grevillearobusta
G]AMANITY
(Decorationand food)
-Mangiferaindica(mangotree)
-Psidiumgwayara(mpera)
-Spathodeamlotica
-Jacarandamimostalia(x-mass tree)




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1 Comment

  • Kafediox Dex, October 28, 2023 @ 6:29 pm Reply

    Good

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