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PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY 1.2- ACIDS,BASES AND SALTS
Arrhenius concept of acids and bases .
What is an acid? (according to Arrhenius concept of acids and bases)
What is an acid? (according to Arrhenius concept of acids and bases)
Ø Arrhenius considered that an acid is a substance which when dissolved in water dissociate to produce H+ ions as the only positively charged ions i.e.
e.g
Ø -He considered a base to be a substance which produce hydroxyl ions when dissolved in water as the only negatively charge ions i.e
e.g.
The neutralization of acid with a base yields to a salt and water.
e.g.
Ionic equation
According to Arrhenius, neutralization reaction is all about formation of water.
Weakness of Arrhenius equation
1.
i) This concept is limited to water. It refers to H+ and OH– ions derived from water. A true general concept of acid and base should be appropriate to other solvent like liquid NH3 and alcohols.
i) This concept is limited to water. It refers to H+ and OH– ions derived from water. A true general concept of acid and base should be appropriate to other solvent like liquid NH3 and alcohols.
2. ii) The concept does not provide the room for acids and bases which do not contain H+ ions and HO – ions.
Bronsted – Lowry concept of acids and bases
–
Bronsted and Lowry proposed a theory of acids and bases applicable to all solvents.
Bronsted and Lowry proposed a theory of acids and bases applicable to all solvents.
– They proposed that, an acid is any substance that can donate a proton to any other substance.
e.g
– A base is a substance that can accept a proton from any other substance.
E.g. ![](data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciIHdpZHRoPSIyMTIiIGhlaWdodD0iMjIiIHZpZXdCb3g9IjAgMCAyMTIgMjIiPjxyZWN0IHdpZHRoPSIxMDAlIiBoZWlnaHQ9IjEwMCUiIHN0eWxlPSJmaWxsOiNjZmQ0ZGI7ZmlsbC1vcGFjaXR5OiAwLjE7Ii8+PC9zdmc+)
Base Acid
– – They are called a monoprotic acid an acid which donates only one proton.
e.g. HNO3, HCl
– – Diprotic acid can donate two protons.
E.g. H2SO4
– – A polyprotic acid is an acid that can donate more than one proton.
E.g. H2SO4, H3PO3, H2C2O4
– A polyprotic base is one which can accept more than one proton.
E.g. ![](data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciIHdpZHRoPSIzNSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIyMiIgdmlld0JveD0iMCAwIDM1IDIyIj48cmVjdCB3aWR0aD0iMTAwJSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxMDAlIiBzdHlsZT0iZmlsbDojY2ZkNGRiO2ZpbGwtb3BhY2l0eTogMC4xOyIvPjwvc3ZnPg==)
– – A monoprotic base is one which can accept only one proton.
E.g.
,![](data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciIHdpZHRoPSIzNSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIyMiIgdmlld0JveD0iMCAwIDM1IDIyIj48cmVjdCB3aWR0aD0iMTAwJSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxMDAlIiBzdHlsZT0iZmlsbDojY2ZkNGRiO2ZpbGwtb3BhY2l0eTogMC4xOyIvPjwvc3ZnPg==)
NOTE: HCl and Cl– are acid-base conjugate pair. Another example is HNO3
and![](data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciIHdpZHRoPSI0MyIgaGVpZ2h0PSIyNyIgdmlld0JveD0iMCAwIDQzIDI3Ij48cmVjdCB3aWR0aD0iMTAwJSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxMDAlIiBzdHlsZT0iZmlsbDojY2ZkNGRiO2ZpbGwtb3BhY2l0eTogMC4xOyIvPjwvc3ZnPg==)
and
Amphoteric (amphiprotic) acids and bases.
These behave as bronsted – Lowry acids or bases
Conjugate acid base pair
-For every acid, there is a corresponding (conjugate) base to accept a proton
E.g. ![](data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciIHdpZHRoPSIxMTciIGhlaWdodD0iMjIiIHZpZXdCb3g9IjAgMCAxMTcgMjIiPjxyZWN0IHdpZHRoPSIxMDAlIiBoZWlnaHQ9IjEwMCUiIHN0eWxlPSJmaWxsOiNjZmQ0ZGI7ZmlsbC1vcGFjaXR5OiAwLjE7Ii8+PC9zdmc+)
Acid base
(Proton donor) (Proton acceptor)
HA and A– are conjugate pair i.e.
HA is a conjugate acid of A– and A– is a conjugate base of HA.
® In a solution, there must be a base to accept a proton
E.g. ![](data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciIHdpZHRoPSIxNTIiIGhlaWdodD0iMjIiIHZpZXdCb3g9IjAgMCAxNTIgMjIiPjxyZWN0IHdpZHRoPSIxMDAlIiBoZWlnaHQ9IjEwMCUiIHN0eWxlPSJmaWxsOiNjZmQ0ZGI7ZmlsbC1vcGFjaXR5OiAwLjE7Ii8+PC9zdmc+)
Acid Base Acid Base
E.g.
–
A1, B1, and A2, B2, are acid base conjugate.
NOTE:
From Bronsted–Lowry concept of acid and bases, the stronger the acid, the weaker it’s conjugate base and the stronger the base, the weaker its conjugate acid.
–
CH3COOH is a weak acid, but its conjugate base i.e.
is a strong base.
CH3COOH is a weak acid, but its conjugate base i.e.
– H2O is a weak base, but
is strong acid.
Advantage of Bronsted–Lowry concept over Arrhenius
® It can apply to any solvent not necessarily
. Here the definition of bases is much wider.
Weakness:
Since the concept is based on proton transfer, it does not consider other compounds which do not contain hydrogen i.e AlCl3, BF3, SO3.
In contrast to Arrhenius theory, acid and bases are no longer related to salts (by neutralization).
Question 1:
A. Define
i) Conjugate acid-bases pair.
ii) Conjugate base.
B. For the following pairs, write down the equation to show the conjugate acid-bases pair.
i)
/ ![](data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciIHdpZHRoPSIyOSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIyMiIgdmlld0JveD0iMCAwIDI5IDIyIj48cmVjdCB3aWR0aD0iMTAwJSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxMDAlIiBzdHlsZT0iZmlsbDojY2ZkNGRiO2ZpbGwtb3BhY2l0eTogMC4xOyIvPjwvc3ZnPg==)
ii) ![](data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciIHdpZHRoPSI3NiIgaGVpZ2h0PSIyMiIgdmlld0JveD0iMCAwIDc2IDIyIj48cmVjdCB3aWR0aD0iMTAwJSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxMDAlIiBzdHlsZT0iZmlsbDojY2ZkNGRiO2ZpbGwtb3BhY2l0eTogMC4xOyIvPjwvc3ZnPg==)
iii) ![](data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciIHdpZHRoPSI4MiIgaGVpZ2h0PSIyMiIgdmlld0JveD0iMCAwIDgyIDIyIj48cmVjdCB3aWR0aD0iMTAwJSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxMDAlIiBzdHlsZT0iZmlsbDojY2ZkNGRiO2ZpbGwtb3BhY2l0eTogMC4xOyIvPjwvc3ZnPg==)
iv)
/ ![](data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciIHdpZHRoPSIzMiIgaGVpZ2h0PSIyMiIgdmlld0JveD0iMCAwIDMyIDIyIj48cmVjdCB3aWR0aD0iMTAwJSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxMDAlIiBzdHlsZT0iZmlsbDojY2ZkNGRiO2ZpbGwtb3BhY2l0eTogMC4xOyIvPjwvc3ZnPg==)
Question 2:
a. Write the formula and give the name of the conjugate base for each of the following acids.
i)
ii) ![](data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciIHdpZHRoPSIzMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIyMiIgdmlld0JveD0iMCAwIDMxIDIyIj48cmVjdCB3aWR0aD0iMTAwJSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxMDAlIiBzdHlsZT0iZmlsbDojY2ZkNGRiO2ZpbGwtb3BhY2l0eTogMC4xOyIvPjwvc3ZnPg==)
b. Write the name and formula of the conjugate acids for each of the following bases.
i) NH3
ii) Br –
iii) HS–
Question3:
In each of the following acid
a) ![](data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciIHdpZHRoPSIyMTQiIGhlaWdodD0iMjUiIHZpZXdCb3g9IjAgMCAyMTQgMjUiPjxyZWN0IHdpZHRoPSIxMDAlIiBoZWlnaHQ9IjEwMCUiIHN0eWxlPSJmaWxsOiNjZmQ0ZGI7ZmlsbC1vcGFjaXR5OiAwLjE7Ii8+PC9zdmc+)
b) ![](data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciIHdpZHRoPSIzNTAiIGhlaWdodD0iMjIiIHZpZXdCb3g9IjAgMCAzNTAgMjIiPjxyZWN0IHdpZHRoPSIxMDAlIiBoZWlnaHQ9IjEwMCUiIHN0eWxlPSJmaWxsOiNjZmQ0ZGI7ZmlsbC1vcGFjaXR5OiAwLjE7Ii8+PC9zdmc+)
ANSWERS:
a) ![](data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciIHdpZHRoPSIxNTQiIGhlaWdodD0iMjIiIHZpZXdCb3g9IjAgMCAxNTQgMjIiPjxyZWN0IHdpZHRoPSIxMDAlIiBoZWlnaHQ9IjEwMCUiIHN0eWxlPSJmaWxsOiNjZmQ0ZGI7ZmlsbC1vcGFjaXR5OiAwLjE7Ii8+PC9zdmc+)
Acid Base Acid Base
HCN, CN– is a conjugate pair and NH3, NH4+ is a conjugate pair
b)
HSO–4, SO4-2, is a conjugate pair
c) ![](data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciIHdpZHRoPSIzNzEiIGhlaWdodD0iMjIiIHZpZXdCb3g9IjAgMCAzNzEgMjIiPjxyZWN0IHdpZHRoPSIxMDAlIiBoZWlnaHQ9IjEwMCUiIHN0eWxlPSJmaWxsOiNjZmQ0ZGI7ZmlsbC1vcGFjaXR5OiAwLjE7Ii8+PC9zdmc+)
Acid Base Base Acid
[Al(H2O
] 3+, [Al(H2O) 5 OH] 2+ is a conjugate pair.
OH– and
O is a conjugate pair.
Q: Conjugate acid-base pair is a pair which shows that for every proton lost by acid, there is a corresponding base to accept it.
a) Conjugate base.
b)
i) ![](data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciIHdpZHRoPSIyMzEiIGhlaWdodD0iMjIiIHZpZXdCb3g9IjAgMCAyMzEgMjIiPjxyZWN0IHdpZHRoPSIxMDAlIiBoZWlnaHQ9IjEwMCUiIHN0eWxlPSJmaWxsOiNjZmQ0ZGI7ZmlsbC1vcGFjaXR5OiAwLjE7Ii8+PC9zdmc+)
ii) ![](data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciIHdpZHRoPSIyNDAiIGhlaWdodD0iMjIiIHZpZXdCb3g9IjAgMCAyNDAgMjIiPjxyZWN0IHdpZHRoPSIxMDAlIiBoZWlnaHQ9IjEwMCUiIHN0eWxlPSJmaWxsOiNjZmQ0ZGI7ZmlsbC1vcGFjaXR5OiAwLjE7Ii8+PC9zdmc+)
iii) ![](data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciIHdpZHRoPSIyMjciIGhlaWdodD0iMjIiIHZpZXdCb3g9IjAgMCAyMjcgMjIiPjxyZWN0IHdpZHRoPSIxMDAlIiBoZWlnaHQ9IjEwMCUiIHN0eWxlPSJmaWxsOiNjZmQ0ZGI7ZmlsbC1vcGFjaXR5OiAwLjE7Ii8+PC9zdmc+)
LEWIS CONCEPT OF ACIDS AND BASES.
·
– Lewis proposed an even broader concept of acids and bases focusing on electron transfer rather than total transfer.
– Lewis proposed an even broader concept of acids and bases focusing on electron transfer rather than total transfer.
· – According to Lewis an acid is a substance that can accept a pair of electrons. Therefore, an acid is an electron pair acceptor.
· – A base is a substance that can donate a pair of electrons i.e base is an electrons pair donor.
NOTE
Bronsted–Lowry acids e.g. HCl, H2SO4, HNO3, are not Lewis acid.
Thus, an acid-base reaction can occur when a base provide a pair of electrons to share with an acid resulting into coordinate compound or complex.
Therefore, ammonia chloride ions (AlCl3) are Lewis base, while H+, BF3 are Lewis acids.
NOTE: A Bronsted–Lowry base (like NH3) reacts by donating electron pair to a proton. Therefore Bronsted–Lowry bases are also Lewis bases
Reason:
This is because upon donating a pair of electron, it would have accepted a proton. Therefore, Bronsted – Lowry bases are also Lewis bases.
i . F– fluoride ionSO2-
ii. Sulphate ion
iii. NH+4 ammonium ion
iv. HBr Hydrogen bromid
v. H2S Hydrogen sulphide.
Reason:
These cannot accept a lone pair of electrons hence the Lewis concept of acid is usually used in special cases.
IONIC EQUILIBRIUM OF ACIDS AND BASES.
Most acids and bases are weak i.e does not ionize fully when dissolve in water. Thus a part from water equilibrium, they also establish equilibrium.
e.g.
Ammonia which is a typical weak base ionizes as follows:
But the ionization of weak acid/ bases generally occurs to a greater extent than that of water.
STRENGTH OF WEAK ACIDS AND BASES.
The position of equilibrium of a reaction between the acid and water varies from one weak acid to another. The further to the left it lies, the weaker the acid is
The equilibrium constant is written as;
![](data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciIHdpZHRoPSIxMjEiIGhlaWdodD0iNDciIHZpZXdCb3g9IjAgMCAxMjEgNDciPjxyZWN0IHdpZHRoPSIxMDAlIiBoZWlnaHQ9IjEwMCUiIHN0eWxlPSJmaWxsOiNjZmQ0ZGI7ZmlsbC1vcGFjaXR5OiAwLjE7Ii8+PC9zdmc+)
But H20 is constant at constant temperature.
Putting the constant on the same side
![](data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciIHdpZHRoPSIxNDkiIGhlaWdodD0iNDAiIHZpZXdCb3g9IjAgMCAxNDkgNDAiPjxyZWN0IHdpZHRoPSIxMDAlIiBoZWlnaHQ9IjEwMCUiIHN0eWxlPSJmaWxsOiNjZmQ0ZGI7ZmlsbC1vcGFjaXR5OiAwLjE7Ii8+PC9zdmc+)
Where Ka = dissociation/ ionization constant of an acid.
for
![](data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciIHdpZHRoPSI2OCIgaGVpZ2h0PSIyMiIgdmlld0JveD0iMCAwIDY4IDIyIj48cmVjdCB3aWR0aD0iMTAwJSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxMDAlIiBzdHlsZT0iZmlsbDojY2ZkNGRiO2ZpbGwtb3BhY2l0eTogMC4xOyIvPjwvc3ZnPg==)
![](data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciIHdpZHRoPSIyNDEiIGhlaWdodD0iMjkiIHZpZXdCb3g9IjAgMCAyNDEgMjkiPjxyZWN0IHdpZHRoPSIxMDAlIiBoZWlnaHQ9IjEwMCUiIHN0eWxlPSJmaWxsOiNjZmQ0ZGI7ZmlsbC1vcGFjaXR5OiAwLjE7Ii8+PC9zdmc+)
Similarly for weak base, the position of equilibrium varies from base to base. The further to the left it lies, the weaker the base is
Where Kb = dissociation/ ionization constant of a base.
The Ka and Kb values are used to determine the strength of acids and bases i.e Ka and Kb values are quite small for a very weak acid/ base reflecting very title ionization of these acids/ base in solution.
Example:
The Kb value for C6H5NH2 is 4.17 x 10-10 ,NH3 is 1.78 x 10-5 Indicate which base is stronger than the other.
NH3 is stronger than C6H5NH2
The Kb value for C6H5NH2 is smaller than C6H5NH2NH3
NH3 is stronger than C6H5NH2
The Kb value for C6H5NH2 is smaller than C6H5NH2NH3
The strength of weak acids and bases can also be determined from its degree of dissociation (Ostwald’s dilution law)
Since Ka and Kb values are inconvenient to handle usually pKa and pKb are used.
For example
The lower the value for the stronger the acid base respectively and vice versa
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN pka AND pkθ FOR A CONJUGATE ACID–BASE PAIR.
Consider the equilibrium.
![](data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciIHdpZHRoPSI0MTkiIGhlaWdodD0iMTc3IiB2aWV3Qm94PSIwIDAgNDE5IDE3NyI+PHJlY3Qgd2lkdGg9IjEwMCUiIGhlaWdodD0iMTAwJSIgc3R5bGU9ImZpbGw6I2NmZDRkYjtmaWxsLW9wYWNpdHk6IDAuMTsiLz48L3N2Zz4=)
The product of Ka and Kb gives.
![](data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciIHdpZHRoPSIyMTAiIGhlaWdodD0iMjEwIiB2aWV3Qm94PSIwIDAgMjEwIDIxMCI+PHJlY3Qgd2lkdGg9IjEwMCUiIGhlaWdodD0iMTAwJSIgc3R5bGU9ImZpbGw6I2NmZDRkYjtmaWxsLW9wYWNpdHk6IDAuMTsiLz48L3N2Zz4=)
Example
Formic acid (HCOOH) has a Ka of 1.78 x 10-14 moles. Calculate the [H3O+] and the pH of 0.1M. Solution of HCOOH.
Solution
Formic acid (HCOOH) has a Ka of 1.78 x 10-14 moles. Calculate the [H3O+] and the pH of 0.1M. Solution of HCOOH.
Solution
Since Ka value is small, the expression
NOTE:
The approximation is done when [HA]O is greater than 100 Ka
The approximation is done when [HA]O is greater than 100 Ka
But if initial concentration [HA]O is less than 100 Ka, then the exact expression formed must be solved.
Calculate [H3O+] and pH in which has Ka value of moles/ dm3.
Solution:
![](data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciIHdpZHRoPSIyMDgiIGhlaWdodD0iMTczIiB2aWV3Qm94PSIwIDAgMjA4IDE3MyI+PHJlY3Qgd2lkdGg9IjEwMCUiIGhlaWdodD0iMTAwJSIgc3R5bGU9ImZpbGw6I2NmZDRkYjtmaWxsLW9wYWNpdHk6IDAuMTsiLz48L3N2Zz4=)
Question set 1:
Formic acid (HCOOH) has Ka of (HCOOH) 1.8 x 10-14 moles dm3. If you have0.001 m a solution of the acids. What is the pH of this solution, what is the concentration of HCOOH at equilibrium?
Formic acid (HCOOH) has Ka of (HCOOH) 1.8 x 10-14 moles dm3. If you have0.001 m a solution of the acids. What is the pH of this solution, what is the concentration of HCOOH at equilibrium?
2. If the acid HA is 2% ionized in solution of concentration 0.01m, calculate
a) Ka
b) pKa
3.Calculate the degree of ionization
is 9.37 in a 0.1M aqueous solution ![](data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciIHdpZHRoPSI5OSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIyMSIgdmlld0JveD0iMCAwIDk5IDIxIj48cmVjdCB3aWR0aD0iMTAwJSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxMDAlIiBzdHlsZT0iZmlsbDojY2ZkNGRiO2ZpbGwtb3BhY2l0eTogMC4xOyIvPjwvc3ZnPg==)
3.Calculate the degree of ionization
4. Calculate pH of a 0.052m acetic acid solution if Ka is
5. For a 0.1M solution of benzoic acid, calculate.
i) Concentration of ions and molecules in solution
ii) The degree of ionization of the acid.
iii) pH of the solution ![](data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciIHdpZHRoPSIxMTkiIGhlaWdodD0iMjUiIHZpZXdCb3g9IjAgMCAxMTkgMjUiPjxyZWN0IHdpZHRoPSIxMDAlIiBoZWlnaHQ9IjEwMCUiIHN0eWxlPSJmaWxsOiNjZmQ0ZGI7ZmlsbC1vcGFjaXR5OiAwLjE7Ii8+PC9zdmc+)
6). A hypothetical weak base (MOH) has Kb of
for the reaction.![](data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciIHdpZHRoPSI4OSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxOCIgdmlld0JveD0iMCAwIDg5IDE4Ij48cmVjdCB3aWR0aD0iMTAwJSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxMDAlIiBzdHlsZT0iZmlsbDojY2ZkNGRiO2ZpbGwtb3BhY2l0eTogMC4xOyIvPjwvc3ZnPg==)
6). A hypothetical weak base (MOH) has Kb of
Calculate the equilibrium Concentration of MOH, M+ and OH– in a
solution MOH.
The weak base methylamine
has Kb of 5 x 10– 4 .It reacts with water according to the equation.
![](data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciIHdpZHRoPSIyMTEiIGhlaWdodD0iMjkiIHZpZXdCb3g9IjAgMCAyMTEgMjkiPjxyZWN0IHdpZHRoPSIxMDAlIiBoZWlnaHQ9IjEwMCUiIHN0eWxlPSJmaWxsOiNjZmQ0ZGI7ZmlsbC1vcGFjaXR5OiAwLjE7Ii8+PC9zdmc+)
Calculate the equilibrium concentration of OH– in a
solution of base. What are the
of the solution?
Hydroxyl amine
has a Kb of
What are the
of the base ?
A 0.1m solution of chloroacetic acid (ClCH2COOH) has a
of 1.95. Calculate Ka for the acid.
IONIC PRODUCT OF WATER AND PH.
The weak base methylamine
Calculate the equilibrium concentration of OH– in a
Hydroxyl amine
A 0.1m solution of chloroacetic acid (ClCH2COOH) has a
IONIC PRODUCT OF WATER AND PH.
– Water auto–ionizes i.e transfers a proton from one water molecule to another producing H3O and OH–
– ![](data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciIHdpZHRoPSIxOTUiIGhlaWdodD0iMjYiIHZpZXdCb3g9IjAgMCAxOTUgMjYiPjxyZWN0IHdpZHRoPSIxMDAlIiBoZWlnaHQ9IjEwMCUiIHN0eWxlPSJmaWxsOiNjZmQ0ZGI7ZmlsbC1vcGFjaXR5OiAwLjE7Ii8+PC9zdmc+)
Base Acid
–
But the concentration of H2O is much larger than the two ions and is constant at constant temperature. Since the concentration of
is constant it is made part of the constant.
Where
= ionic product of water constant.
In pure water, Kw = 1 x 10-14 at 25°c. Since every one H3O+ ion formed also one OH– ion is formed, thus the concentrations are equal.
Since the concentrations are equal, this implies that pure water is neutral.
–
Is a scale which shows degree of acidity or alkalinity of a solution:
Is a scale which shows degree of acidity or alkalinity of a solution:
= ![](data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciIHdpZHRoPSIxMTYiIGhlaWdodD0iMjIiIHZpZXdCb3g9IjAgMCAxMTYgMjIiPjxyZWN0IHdpZHRoPSIxMDAlIiBoZWlnaHQ9IjEwMCUiIHN0eWxlPSJmaWxsOiNjZmQ0ZGI7ZmlsbC1vcGFjaXR5OiAwLjE7Ii8+PC9zdmc+)
= 7
I.e pH of 7 is neutral point.
For pure water
NOTE:
In acidic solution, the concentration of H3O+ is greater than [0H –].
i.e ![](data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciIHdpZHRoPSIxMzciIGhlaWdodD0iMTgiIHZpZXdCb3g9IjAgMCAxMzcgMTgiPjxyZWN0IHdpZHRoPSIxMDAlIiBoZWlnaHQ9IjEwMCUiIHN0eWxlPSJmaWxsOiNjZmQ0ZGI7ZmlsbC1vcGFjaXR5OiAwLjE7Ii8+PC9zdmc+)
In basic solution, the concentration of ![](data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciIHdpZHRoPSI4MyIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxNSIgdmlld0JveD0iMCAwIDgzIDE1Ij48cmVjdCB3aWR0aD0iMTAwJSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxMDAlIiBzdHlsZT0iZmlsbDojY2ZkNGRiO2ZpbGwtb3BhY2l0eTogMC4xOyIvPjwvc3ZnPg==)
i.e [![](data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciIHdpZHRoPSI5NyIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxOCIgdmlld0JveD0iMCAwIDk3IDE4Ij48cmVjdCB3aWR0aD0iMTAwJSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxMDAlIiBzdHlsZT0iZmlsbDojY2ZkNGRiO2ZpbGwtb3BhY2l0eTogMC4xOyIvPjwvc3ZnPg==)
From
–![](data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciIHdpZHRoPSIxNjciIGhlaWdodD0iMTQiIHZpZXdCb3g9IjAgMCAxNjcgMTQiPjxyZWN0IHdpZHRoPSIxMDAlIiBoZWlnaHQ9IjEwMCUiIHN0eWxlPSJmaWxsOiNjZmQ0ZGI7ZmlsbC1vcGFjaXR5OiAwLjE7Ii8+PC9zdmc+)
Variation of
of pure water with temperature.
The formation of H3O+ and OH– ions from water is an endothermic process i.e the forward reaction absorbs heat.
-According to Le Chatelier`s principle, when you increase the temp, the forward reaction is favoured, thus concentration of H3O+ and OH– ions will i
ncrease but in equal amounts. Thus, the pH will drop but the water will not be acidic the pH scale will also change. It won`t remain as 1 to 14 and the neutral point will also shift. The direct effect on increasing temperature is to increase Kw.
ncrease but in equal amounts. Thus, the pH will drop but the water will not be acidic the pH scale will also change. It won`t remain as 1 to 14 and the neutral point will also shift. The direct effect on increasing temperature is to increase Kw.
The table below shows the effect of temperature on Kw and each value of Kw a new pH must be calculated.
6.1449 |
From the table, pH of water fall as temperature increases. This does not mean that water becomes more acidic at higher temperature. This solution is only acidic, If the con
centration of
is great than ![](data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciIHdpZHRoPSI3OSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIyMiIgdmlld0JveD0iMCAwIDc5IDIyIj48cmVjdCB3aWR0aD0iMTAwJSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxMDAlIiBzdHlsZT0iZmlsbDojY2ZkNGRiO2ZpbGwtb3BhY2l0eTogMC4xOyIvPjwvc3ZnPg==)
centration of
Example:
1. The value of Kw at physiological temperature of a body
is
. What is the pH at neutral point of water at this temperature.
Solution:
2. At
,
is 15. Find
at O°c, if the [H+] is ![](data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciIHdpZHRoPSIxMDAiIGhlaWdodD0iMjIiIHZpZXdCb3g9IjAgMCAxMDAgMjIiPjxyZWN0IHdpZHRoPSIxMDAlIiBoZWlnaHQ9IjEwMCUiIHN0eWxlPSJmaWxsOiNjZmQ0ZGI7ZmlsbC1vcGFjaXR5OiAwLjE7Ii8+PC9zdmc+)
Solution:
STRONG ACIDS AND BASES.
When an acid is added to water as an aqueous solution of HCl in addition to self ionization of water, the acid also ionizes.
Due to common ion effect of hydroxonium ion as HCl is fully ionized, it suppresses the ionization of water hence
and [O
ion from water will be less than ![](data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciIHdpZHRoPSI3NSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIyMiIgdmlld0JveD0iMCAwIDc1IDIyIj48cmVjdCB3aWR0aD0iMTAwJSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxMDAlIiBzdHlsZT0iZmlsbDojY2ZkNGRiO2ZpbGwtb3BhY2l0eTogMC4xOyIvPjwvc3ZnPg==)
It is generally acceptable to consider the ionization of HCl to be the sole source of hydroxonium ions. This is also applicable in strong bases for OH– ions.
Example1:
If 0.001m of NaOH is added to enough amount of 1L of water, what is the concentration of OH – and H3O+ ions?
Solution:
Example2:
Calculate the concentration of
, and
in a 100 cm3 sample of 0.015 m
NOTE:
HCl is the main source of H3O+
NOTE: Molar concentrations are independent of solution volume i.e [H3O+] in 0.015M HCl is the same whether we are describing 1L, 10L or 100cm3 thus the volume of acid is not involved in this calculation.
e.g. Calculate the [
],
and
in 50 cm3 of ![](data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciIHdpZHRoPSIxMTQiIGhlaWdodD0iMjIiIHZpZXdCb3g9IjAgMCAxMTQgMjIiPjxyZWN0IHdpZHRoPSIxMDAlIiBoZWlnaHQ9IjEwMCUiIHN0eWxlPSJmaWxsOiNjZmQ0ZGI7ZmlsbC1vcGFjaXR5OiAwLjE7Ii8+PC9zdmc+)
Solution:
0.01M 0.01M 2 X 0.01=0.02M
From: ![](data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciIHdpZHRoPSIxNDgiIGhlaWdodD0iMjIiIHZpZXdCb3g9IjAgMCAxNDggMjIiPjxyZWN0IHdpZHRoPSIxMDAlIiBoZWlnaHQ9IjEwMCUiIHN0eWxlPSJmaWxsOiNjZmQ0ZGI7ZmlsbC1vcGFjaXR5OiAwLjE7Ii8+PC9zdmc+)
NEUTRALIZATION REACTION.
This is the reaction between H3O+ from an acid and OH – ions from a base to form water. Therefore when solutions of acids and bases are mixed together, the chemical reaction must occur in which
and
combine to form water.
This reaction occur in order to maintain the required value of equilibrium constant Kw. The final solution can be acidic basic or neutral depending on the
and
after neutralization reaction.
Example:
What is the [H3O+] obtained by mixing 100cm3 of 0.015m HCl and 50cm3 of 0.01m Ba(OH)2 solution, Is the final solution acidic or basic?
Solution:
1 1
=![](data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciIHdpZHRoPSIxMDMiIGhlaWdodD0iMjIiIHZpZXdCb3g9IjAgMCAxMDMgMjIiPjxyZWN0IHdpZHRoPSIxMDAlIiBoZWlnaHQ9IjEwMCUiIHN0eWxlPSJmaWxsOiNjZmQ0ZGI7ZmlsbC1vcGFjaXR5OiAwLjE7Ii8+PC9zdmc+)
Question:
1) What is the pH of a solution obtained by dissolving 312 cm3 of HCl, measured at 30°c at 340mmHg in 3.25lL of water?
Solution:
From ![](data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciIHdpZHRoPSI3OCIgaGVpZ2h0PSIyMiIgdmlld0JveD0iMCAwIDc4IDIyIj48cmVjdCB3aWR0aD0iMTAwJSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxMDAlIiBzdHlsZT0iZmlsbDojY2ZkNGRiO2ZpbGwtb3BhY2l0eTogMC4xOyIvPjwvc3ZnPg==)
[
] =1.7626![](data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciIHdpZHRoPSI1NiIgaGVpZ2h0PSIyNSIgdmlld0JveD0iMCAwIDU2IDI1Ij48cmVjdCB3aWR0aD0iMTAwJSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxMDAlIiBzdHlsZT0iZmlsbDojY2ZkNGRiO2ZpbGwtb3BhY2l0eTogMC4xOyIvPjwvc3ZnPg==)
2) Calculate the pH of neutralization point when 40cm3 of 0.1m NaOH is mixed with 60cm3 of 0.1m HCl.
Solution:
3) Calculate the pH of the solution obtained when.
a) 1cm3 of 0.1m NaOH is added to 100cm3 of 0.001m HCl
b) 1cm3 of 0.1m NaOH is added to 100cm3 of 0.1m HCl
Solution:
a) ![](data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciIHdpZHRoPSIxNjAiIGhlaWdodD0iMjIiIHZpZXdCb3g9IjAgMCAxNjAgMjIiPjxyZWN0IHdpZHRoPSIxMDAlIiBoZWlnaHQ9IjEwMCUiIHN0eWxlPSJmaWxsOiNjZmQ0ZGI7ZmlsbC1vcGFjaXR5OiAwLjE7Ii8+PC9zdmc+)
X![](data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciIHdpZHRoPSIxNzkiIGhlaWdodD0iMjIiIHZpZXdCb3g9IjAgMCAxNzkgMjIiPjxyZWN0IHdpZHRoPSIxMDAlIiBoZWlnaHQ9IjEwMCUiIHN0eWxlPSJmaWxsOiNjZmQ0ZGI7ZmlsbC1vcGFjaXR5OiAwLjE7Ii8+PC9zdmc+)
b) ![](data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciIHdpZHRoPSIyMDIiIGhlaWdodD0iMjIiIHZpZXdCb3g9IjAgMCAyMDIgMjIiPjxyZWN0IHdpZHRoPSIxMDAlIiBoZWlnaHQ9IjEwMCUiIHN0eWxlPSJmaWxsOiNjZmQ0ZGI7ZmlsbC1vcGFjaXR5OiAwLjE7Ii8+PC9zdmc+)
Again
=![](data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciIHdpZHRoPSI3MCIgaGVpZ2h0PSIyMiIgdmlld0JveD0iMCAwIDcwIDIyIj48cmVjdCB3aWR0aD0iMTAwJSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxMDAlIiBzdHlsZT0iZmlsbDojY2ZkNGRiO2ZpbGwtb3BhY2l0eTogMC4xOyIvPjwvc3ZnPg==)
BUFFER SOLUTIONS:
A buffer solution is a solution which maintains its pH when small amount of an acid ![](data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciIHdpZHRoPSI0OCIgaGVpZ2h0PSIyMiIgdmlld0JveD0iMCAwIDQ4IDIyIj48cmVjdCB3aWR0aD0iMTAwJSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxMDAlIiBzdHlsZT0iZmlsbDojY2ZkNGRiO2ZpbGwtb3BhY2l0eTogMC4xOyIvPjwvc3ZnPg==)
or alkali
is added to it.
OR
OR
Is the one that resist a change in pH when small amount of acid or alkali is added to the solution.
A buffer solution usually consists of a weak acid and one of its salt or a weak base and one of its salts.
Types of buffer solutions.
i) Acidic buffer solution.
This is the buffer solution which keeps the pH below 7.
They are formed by mixing a weak acid and its salt (of a strong base)
e.g.
![](data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciIHdpZHRoPSIxNjYiIGhlaWdodD0iMjIiIHZpZXdCb3g9IjAgMCAxNjYgMjIiPjxyZWN0IHdpZHRoPSIxMDAlIiBoZWlnaHQ9IjEwMCUiIHN0eWxlPSJmaWxsOiNjZmQ0ZGI7ZmlsbC1vcGFjaXR5OiAwLjE7Ii8+PC9zdmc+)
How does the buffer system work?
Consider ![](data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciIHdpZHRoPSIyMTIiIGhlaWdodD0iMjIiIHZpZXdCb3g9IjAgMCAyMTIgMjIiPjxyZWN0IHdpZHRoPSIxMDAlIiBoZWlnaHQ9IjEwMCUiIHN0eWxlPSJmaWxsOiNjZmQ0ZGI7ZmlsbC1vcGFjaXR5OiAwLjE7Ii8+PC9zdmc+)
(
)
Since the salts is strong, it dissociates completely into increases the concentration of
shifting the equilibrium to the left hand side suppressing the dissociation of acetic acid due to common ion effect. Hence
is equal to the salt concentration and due to the common ion effect
becomes equal to the initial concentration of the acid.
Therefore the solution will contain these important species.
i)A lot of unionized acid
ii) A lot of acetate ions from ![](data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciIHdpZHRoPSI4MCIgaGVpZ2h0PSIyMiIgdmlld0JveD0iMCAwIDgwIDIyIj48cmVjdCB3aWR0aD0iMTAwJSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxMDAlIiBzdHlsZT0iZmlsbDojY2ZkNGRiO2ZpbGwtb3BhY2l0eTogMC4xOyIvPjwvc3ZnPg==)
iii) Enough
to make the solution acidic.
When little H+ are added, the following reaction occurs.
® The acetate ions concentration from the salt are large enough to consume the added hydrogen ions therefore there will be no accumulation of H+ in the solution.
® If OH– are added the following reaction occur
This decrease
in the solution, shifting the equilibrium to the right hand side to replace
used to neutralize
added. Therefore no accumulation of
in the solution.
NOTE: Addition of
to acidic buffer increases the acid concentration, but decreases the salt concentration by the same amount of
added.
Addition of
to acidic buffer decreases the acid concentration but increases the
i.e salt by the same amount of
added.
Where ![](data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciIHdpZHRoPSIxMjkiIGhlaWdodD0iMjIiIHZpZXdCb3g9IjAgMCAxMjkgMjIiPjxyZWN0IHdpZHRoPSIxMDAlIiBoZWlnaHQ9IjEwMCUiIHN0eWxlPSJmaWxsOiNjZmQ0ZGI7ZmlsbC1vcGFjaXR5OiAwLjE7Ii8+PC9zdmc+)
According to Henderson Hesselbach
Example:
1.
buffer solution containing 1M of acid has a
of 4.742.
a) Determine the salt concentration in buffer given ![](data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciIHdpZHRoPSIyMTAiIGhlaWdodD0iMjIiIHZpZXdCb3g9IjAgMCAyMTAgMjIiPjxyZWN0IHdpZHRoPSIxMDAlIiBoZWlnaHQ9IjEwMCUiIHN0eWxlPSJmaWxsOiNjZmQ0ZGI7ZmlsbC1vcGFjaXR5OiAwLjE7Ii8+PC9zdmc+)
b) To 1 dm3 of a buffer,
is added. Calculate the
of the resulting buffer solution.
c) Calculate the
when
are added to 1dm-3 of the buffer.
d) Calculate the
of the solution when
are added to 1dm3 of water sample.
e) Calculate the
of the solution when
are added to 1dm3 of water sample.
ANSWER:
1. Solution
a) From Henderson Hesselbach equation.
b) ![](data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciIHdpZHRoPSIzMDUiIGhlaWdodD0iMjIiIHZpZXdCb3g9IjAgMCAzMDUgMjIiPjxyZWN0IHdpZHRoPSIxMDAlIiBoZWlnaHQ9IjEwMCUiIHN0eWxlPSJmaWxsOiNjZmQ0ZGI7ZmlsbC1vcGFjaXR5OiAwLjE7Ii8+PC9zdmc+)
From ![](data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciIHdpZHRoPSIxNjkiIGhlaWdodD0iMzkiIHZpZXdCb3g9IjAgMCAxNjkgMzkiPjxyZWN0IHdpZHRoPSIxMDAlIiBoZWlnaHQ9IjEwMCUiIHN0eWxlPSJmaWxsOiNjZmQ0ZGI7ZmlsbC1vcGFjaXR5OiAwLjE7Ii8+PC9zdmc+)
c) ![](data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciIHdpZHRoPSIyNzkiIGhlaWdodD0iMjIiIHZpZXdCb3g9IjAgMCAyNzkgMjIiPjxyZWN0IHdpZHRoPSIxMDAlIiBoZWlnaHQ9IjEwMCUiIHN0eWxlPSJmaWxsOiNjZmQ0ZGI7ZmlsbC1vcGFjaXR5OiAwLjE7Ii8+PC9zdmc+)
From ![](data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciIHdpZHRoPSIxNjkiIGhlaWdodD0iMzkiIHZpZXdCb3g9IjAgMCAxNjkgMzkiPjxyZWN0IHdpZHRoPSIxMDAlIiBoZWlnaHQ9IjEwMCUiIHN0eWxlPSJmaWxsOiNjZmQ0ZGI7ZmlsbC1vcGFjaXR5OiAwLjE7Ii8+PC9zdmc+)
d) ![](data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciIHdpZHRoPSIxODEiIGhlaWdodD0iMjIiIHZpZXdCb3g9IjAgMCAxODEgMjIiPjxyZWN0IHdpZHRoPSIxMDAlIiBoZWlnaHQ9IjEwMCUiIHN0eWxlPSJmaWxsOiNjZmQ0ZGI7ZmlsbC1vcGFjaXR5OiAwLjE7Ii8+PC9zdmc+)
From ![](data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciIHdpZHRoPSIxMzMiIGhlaWdodD0iMjIiIHZpZXdCb3g9IjAgMCAxMzMgMjIiPjxyZWN0IHdpZHRoPSIxMDAlIiBoZWlnaHQ9IjEwMCUiIHN0eWxlPSJmaWxsOiNjZmQ0ZGI7ZmlsbC1vcGFjaXR5OiAwLjE7Ii8+PC9zdmc+)
e) ![](data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciIHdpZHRoPSIxODkiIGhlaWdodD0iMjIiIHZpZXdCb3g9IjAgMCAxODkgMjIiPjxyZWN0IHdpZHRoPSIxMDAlIiBoZWlnaHQ9IjEwMCUiIHN0eWxlPSJmaWxsOiNjZmQ0ZGI7ZmlsbC1vcGFjaXR5OiAwLjE7Ii8+PC9zdmc+)
NOTE: Therefore water is not a buffer system
SALT HYDROLYSIS
A salt is a compound which contain metallic or radicle or positive radicle rather than hydrogen (H+) and acidic or negative or anion radicle rather than hydroxyl ion (OH‾)
CLASSIFICATION OF SALTS
Salts are categorized into four major classes.
These are:
1. i. Normal salt (strong salts).
2. ii. Salts with strong cation and weak anion.
3. iii. Salts with weak cation and strong anion.
iv. Salts with weak cation and weak Anion.
iv. Salts with weak cation and weak Anion.
i) STRONG SALTS
These are salts with strong cation and strong anions.
ii).SALTS WITH STRONG CATION AN WEAK ANIONS.
These are also known as basic salts mostly are organic salts or salts of carboxylic acid
iii) SALTS WITH WEAK CATION AND STRONG ANION
These salts are termed as acidic salts
iv.) SALT WITH WEAK CATION AND WEAK ANION
Salt hydrolysis is the reaction between salt and water to give acid and base it is a reversible reaction of neutralization reaction.
In salt hydrolysis only weak ions react with water to give the respective products.
HYDROLYSIS OF CLASSES OF SALTS
1. Hydrolysis of normal salts
The salts having strong cation and strong anion do not undergo Salt hydrolysis process, rather than ionizing in solution to give free ions.
2. Hydrolysis of basic salts
The salt having strong cation and weak anion undergo the type of hydrolysis termed as Anionic salt hydrolysis
Definition:
Anionic salt hydrolysis is the reaction between water and salt with strong cation and weak anion where by the weak anion react with water to give acid and base.
Example
Initially the salt will ionize
Anion will react with H2O
Example:
Ionization
Anion will react with H2O
iii) Hydrolysis of salts with weak cation and strong anion. This process is also known as cationic salt hydrolysis
Definition:
Definition:
Cationic salt hydrolysis is the reaction between water and salt with weak cation and strong anion in which weak cation react with water to give acid and base.
iv) Salt with weak cation and weak anion (weak salt )
This salt undergo both cationic and anionic salt hydrolysis because both weak ions will react with water to give acid and base.
Hydrolysis constant for anionic salts hydrolysis
From hydrolysis equation Kh can be obtained
HYDROLYSIS CONSTANT (Kh)
Definition:
Kh is the ratio of product of molar concentration of the products to that concentration reactant raised to their power which is equal to the balancing number in a hydrolysis equation.
During hydrolysis the weak acid formed and water molecules will also dissociate.
The weak acid dissociation
where
ka = Dissociation constant of acid (CH3COOH)
kw = Dissociation constant of water
kh = Hydrolysis constant.
Hydrolysis constant for cationic salt hydrolysis
Consider the hydrolysis of NH4Br
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During hydrolysis the weak base is formed and water molecules will dissociate.
Weak base dissociation
where
kb = Dissociation constant of Base
Example
kb = Dissociation constant of Base
Example
With examples in each briefly write short note on the following
i) Cationic salt hydrolysis
It is the reaction between water and salt with strong anion and weak cation in which the weak cation react with water to give acid and base.
Example
ii) Anionic salt hydrolysis
It is the reaction between water and salt with strong cation and weak anion in which the weak anion react with water to give acid and base.
Example
The above chemical reaction is Anionic salt hydrolysis
(iii) Hydrolysis constant
Hydrolysis constant is the ratio of the products molar concentration to the reactant concentration raised to their powers which is equal to the balancing number in the hydrolysis equation.
For anionic salt hydrolysis.
(iv) Acidic salt:
Acidic salt is the type of salt which contain a strong anion and weak cation.
Example:
(NH4)2SO4 , NH4Br and NH4I.
(V) Basic salt
Basic salt is the type of salt which contain a strong cation and a weak anion.
Example:
CH3COOK, Na2C2O4 and CH3CH2COONa.
(vi) Salt hydrolysis :
Salt hydrolysis is the reaction between salt and water to produce base and acid.
Under this process only weak radicals/ions are associated in the reaction.
Example
C2O42- + H2O …….. H2C2O4 + OH–
NH4+ + H2O …………………. NH4OH + H+
Example
1. Briefly differentiate cationic salt hydrolysis and a
nionic salt hydrolysis.
nionic salt hydrolysis.
Solution
Cationic salt hydrolysis is a reaction between water and salt with weak cation and strong anion where by the weak cation react with water to produce acid and base while
anionic salt hydrolysis is a reaction between water and salt with weak anion and strong cation in which the weak anion react with water to produce acid and base.
1. With an example of salt and type of hydrolysis derive the relationship between ka, kw and kh.
Solution
Consider the hydrolysis of Sodium Oxalate.
During hydrolysis acid formed together with water molecules, ionize in a solution.
Acid ionization.
Example
During Hydrolysis the base and water molecule also ionize.
Base ionization
Water ionization
Example 4:
Calculate the Hydrolysis constant for the hydrolysis of 0.05 M NH4NO3.if its Kb is 6.67 x10-6
Solution
DEGREE OF HYDROLYSIS
Definition:
Is the fraction or percentage of the salts that has reacted with water to form acid and base
The degree of Hydrolysis is denoted by h.
Consider the anionic salt hydrolysis below:
Hydrolysis Reaction:
But
(1 – h)
1
But
Then
This is for anionic salt hydrolysis
Where
h is the hydrolysis constant
h is the hydrolysis constant
Kw is the water dissociation constant
Ka is the acid dissociation constant
THE HYDROLYSIS OF SALT WITH WEAK CATION AND ANION
Consider the salt of weak cation and weak anion as AB. During hydrolysis, the salt will ionize.
During the hydrolysis process there is formation of
(i) Weak acid
(ii) Weak base
Ionization of weak acid
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Ionization of weak base
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Ionization of water
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For salt that undergo both cationic and anionic salt hydrolysis (weak salt)
Example
Consider the hydrolysis of ammonium acetate, then derive the relationship between Kh,Kw,Ka and Kb for such hydrolysis.
Solution
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During the hydrolysis, weak acid and weak base is formed ionization of weak acid
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PH EQUATIONS FOR SALT HYDROLYSIS
a) FOR ANIONIC HYDROLYSIS
Consider the hydrolysis of CH3COONa
But, from water dissociation
note
pH = -LOG[H+]
This is the
equation for anionic salt hydrolysis
b) FOR CATIONIC HYDROLYSIS
This is for the salt undergoing cationic salt hydrolysis
OR
Example
a) What do you understand by
I. Salt hydrolysis
Is the reaction between water and saltl to produce acid and base.
II. Cationic hydrolysis
Is the reaction between water and salt with strong anion and weak cation at which the weak cation react with water to give acid and base.
III. Anionic hydrolysis
Is the reaction between water and salt with strong cation and weak anion in which the weak anion react with water to produce acid and base.
IV. Conjugate pair
Is the pair of conjugate acid or conjugate base or acid respectively.
b. For cationic hydrolysis show that ![](data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciIHdpZHRoPSI2OSIgaGVpZ2h0PSI0MSIgdmlld0JveD0iMCAwIDY5IDQxIj48cmVjdCB3aWR0aD0iMTAwJSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxMDAlIiBzdHlsZT0iZmlsbDojY2ZkNGRiO2ZpbGwtb3BhY2l0eTogMC4xOyIvPjwvc3ZnPg==)
Solution. Consider the hydrolysis of NH4CL
NH4+ H20
NH4 OH + H+
1 – h h h
At equilibrium (1 – h)c hc hc
But
Assume that 1 – h 1 (h is very small)
calculate the conc. of H₃O⺠present in 0.0001M HCOOK ka. HCOOK = 2.4 X 10-4
Kw = 10-14
Solution
HCOOK
HCOOâ» + Kâº
Example 2:
a. Define
pH is the negative logarithm of hydrogen molar concentration present in the solution.
Acidic salt is the type of salt that consist of strong anion and weak cation.
Basic salt is the type of salt that consist of strong cation and weak anion.
b. Normal salt do not undergo anionic or cationic salt hydrolysis. Briefly account for this statement.
Soln.
Normal salt do not undergo neither anionic nor cationic salt hydrolysis because they have strong acidic and basic radicle and the hydrolysis take place to the weak radicles only. Hence they just ionize in the water only.
c. Calculate the pH of the solution with 0.0152M. CH3COOK if KaCH3COOH =2.18 X 10-8 at a particular temperature.
Soln.
From pH equation.
Alternatively
d. Calculate the pH of the solution with 0.001M of NH4NO3 if Kb NH4OH is 1.8 x 10-4.
Soln.
Example 3:
Calculate the hydrolysis constant and the pH of 0.625M solution of CH3COONa. Kaof CH3C-OOH= 1.754 X 10-5 Kw =1 x 10-14.
Soln.
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E-xample 4.
a. -What is the pH of 0.2M solution of NaCN? Ka for HCN =4 X 10 -10 ionic product of -water =10-14.
Soln.-
b. -Calculate the pH of 0.2M NH4Cl. Kb = 1.8×10-5.
S-oln.
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Also
Amount dissociated = 0.0248
% hydrolysed = 0.0248 × 100%
= 2.48%
The percentage hydrolysis is 2.48%
B. calculate the hydrolysis constant and degree of hydrolysis of NH4Cl in 0.001m solution kb=1.8 × 10-5
Solution.
The hydrolysis constant is 5.55 × 10-10
The hydrolysis constant is 7.45 × 10-4
C. calculate the degree of hydrolysis of ammonium acetate if the dissociation constant of ammonium hydroxide is 1.8 × 10-5 that of acetic acid is 1.8 × 10-4 and the ionic product of H2ois 1 × 10-14 (0.55 × 10-2 ).
Solution
Data
Ka = 1.8 × 10-5
Kn = 1.8 × 10-5
Kw = 1 × 10-14
From hydrolysis equation
Example 6.
What is hydrolysis constant of salt?
Answer
Is the ratio of products concentration to reactant concentration in moles/dm3 raised to their powers which is equal to the balancing number in a hydrolysis equation
Why aqueous solution of sodium carbonate is alkaline derive an expression for the hydrolysis constant and pH of this solution.