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SECOND TERM E-LEARNING NOTE
SUBJECT:TECHNICAL DRAWING
CLASS:SS1
TITLE:SECOND TERM SCHEME OF WORK
WEEK 1: Revision of the work for last term. Inscribed and circumscribed.
WEEK 2 Escribed circle.
WEEK 3:Polygons
WEEK 4: Plain scales
WEEK 5: Diagonal and chordalScales
WEEK 6: Enlargement and reduction of plain figures
WEEK 7: Enlargement and reduction of plain figures
WEEK 8: Equal area of figures
WEEK 9: Equal area of figures
WEEK 10: Tangency
WEEK 11.Revision and Examination.
Reference materials:
Technical drawing by J.N. Green.
Engineering drawing 1 by M.A.Parker and F.Pickup
Metal work technology by G.H. Thomas.
Drafting Technology and practice by William P. Spence
Technical Drawing by F.B Mayock( 1- 4 )
Basic technology for junior secondary schools book 1 by G.N Nneji, E.J. Okon, V.C. Nwachukwu, N.A. David, and T.C. Ogbuanya.Pages 1-17, 34-78.
Basic technology for junior secondary schools book 2 by I. Elekwa , O.A. Bamiro, A.O. Oluyide,
D.L Ladoye, A. Nurudeen and I.O. Akuru
Technical drawing for senior secondary schools by Y.A Thanni and C.A Faseun-Motesho Pages 97-103
WEEK ONE DATE:………………
Revision of last term work. Inscribed and circumscribed circles
Content:
(i) Inscribed circles.
(ii) Circumscribed circles
Inscribed circles
Example 1 To inscribe a circle in a given triangle.
Method:
Draw the given triangle ABC.
Bisect any two angles whose bisectors intersect at point O.
Draw a line from point O perpendicular to any side of the triangle ie OD.
With the compass pin at point O and radius OD, draw the required circle.
Example 1 To inscribe threeequal circles in an equilateral triangle, each circle to touch two sides and
two other circles
Method:
(i) Draw the given equilateral triangle.
(ii) Bisect any two of the angles e.g X and Y to obtain the centre of the triangle, O.
(iii) Draw a line from Z through O to B.
(iv) Bisect angle OBC to obtain the centre of one of the circles, A.
(v) With O as centre and radius OA, locate the centres 1 and 2 of the remaining two circles.
(vi) Drop a perpendicular from A which meets line XB at point C. AC is the radius of the three circles.
(vii) With compass pin at points A, 1 and 2 in turn, draw the three circles.
Example 3To inscribe a circle in any sector.
Method:
(i) Bisect the vertical angle R. This angular bisector meets the arc of the sector at point S.
(ii) Construct a tangent at point S.
(iii)Extend the radius of the sector to meet the tangent at points P and Q.
(iv)Bisect one of the base angles e.g< RQS to obtain the centre of the circle, O.
(v) With O as centre and radius OS, draw the required circle.
Example 4To inscribe a circle in any regular polygon, rhombus or deltoid(kite).
Method:
(i) Bisect any two angles of the given polygon. The two bisectors meet at a point O.
(ii) Point O is the centre of the circle. Drop a perpendicular from O to any side of the polygon, ie OD.
(iii)With O as centre and radius OD, draw the required circle.
Evaluation Questions
1. A triangle ABC stands on side AB as base and has the following dimensions: AB = 60mm, AC = 50mm
and angle CAB = 670. Construct the triangle and draw a circle in it.
2. Construct a regular polygon whose side is of length 40mm. Draw a circle in it to touch all the sides.
Circumcribedcircles
Example 1 To circumscribe a circle on a triangle or inscribe a triangle in a circle
Method:
(i) Draw the given triangle ABC.
(ii) Bisect any two sides of the triangle ie AC and BC, These bisectors intersect at point O.
(iii) With O as centre and radius OA or OB or OC, draw a circle to pass through the three points.
Evaluation Questions
1. Construct a triangle ABC on AB as base with AB = 70mm, AC = 57mm and BC = 76mm. Circumscribe a
circle on it.
2. Construct a triangle ABC with side AB = 70mm, AC = 90mm and < ABC = 1050. Circumscribe a circle
on it.
General evaluation/revisionalquestions
1. A triangle has a perimeter 130mm, base 40mm and a base angle 1050. (i) Construct the triangle.
(ii) Measure and state the other base angle. (WAEC)
2. Construct a triangle PQR with base = 70mm, vertical height = 50mm and vertical angle = 550
(WAEC)
3. Construct a triangle whose perimeter is 120mm and of sides in the ratio 3:4:5. (WAEC).
4. Construct a triangle of sides AB = 60mm, AC = 55mm and < ABC = 600. Construct a triangle similar
to this and whose perimeter is 140mm.
5. Inscribe an octagon in a square of side 80mm.
Reading assignment
Technical drawing by JN Green.Pages 20-22.
Weekend Assignment
Objective
1. Which of the following best describe the figure shown above? A. Inscribed. B. Circumscribed.
C. Escribed. D. Rebated.
2. The circle P in the figure above can best be described as A. inscribed. B. circumscribed. C. escribed.
D. concentric.
3. Which of the following is correct in inscribing a circle in a triangle? A. Bisect one of the angles.
B. Bisect two sides of the triangle. C. Bisect two angles. D. Bisect three sides.
4. In order to circumscribe a circle on a triangle, which of the following is a correct step? A. Bisect two
sides of the triangle. B. Bisect two angles of the triangle. C. Bisect one side and angle. D. Bisect two
angles and one side.
5. Which of the following represents the radius of the circle drawn below? A. QR. B. OT. C. OP.
D. OQ
Theory
1. Construct a triangle PQR with side PQ = 80, and angle PQR = QPR = 600. (show all construction lines).
(i) Find the lengths PR and QR. (ii) Inscribe a circle in the triangle PQR. (iii) Name the triangle PQR.
2. Construct a triangle ABC with side AB = 50mm, AC = 90mm and < ABC = 1050. Circumscribe a circle
on the triangle.
WEEK TWO DATE:………………
Escribed circles
Content:
(i) Escribed circles.
(ii) Drawing of circles to touch some given points.
Escribed circles.
Example 1 To escribe a circle on a given triangle.
Method:
(i) Draw the given triangle ABC.
(ii) Extend AC to D and AB to E.
(iii) Bisect the two exterior angles whose bisectors intersect at point O. (vi) Draw a line from O perpendicular to any of the sides. (v) With O as centre and radius OQ, escribe the circle. Example 2 To escribecircles on a given polygon. Method: (i) Draw the given polygon and join opposite corners as shown above. (ii) Bisect external angles P23 and S32 whose bisectors meet at point O, the centre of the circle. (iii)Drop a perpendicular, OD to side 2-3. This is the radius of the circle. (iv)With O as centre and radius OD, draw a circle. Repeat the above procedure for each side and circle. Evaluation Questions 1. Escribe a circle on a triangle of sides AB = 55mm, AC = 60mm and BC = 50mm. 2 . A regular hexagon has its sides 50mm long. Draw the hexagon and describe circles about it. Drawing of circles to pass through given points. Method: (i) Locate the given point A and the given point R on the given line PQ. (ii) Join the two given points ie, RA. (iii)Erect a perpendicular at the point R on the given line. (iv) Draw a line AO from point A to meet the perpendicular RS at point O; such that angle RAO is equal to angle ORA. Point O is the centre of the circle that will pass through the given points. Example 2To draw a circle to pass through two given points and touch a given line. Method: (i) Locate the two given points F and G and draw the given line CD. (ii) Draw a line to connect F and G and extend the line. (iii) Extend the line CD to meet FG extended at point E. (iv) Mark off EH equal to EG. (v) Construct a semicircle on line FH. (vi) Draw a line perpendicular to AH at point E to touch the semicircle at point K. (vii) Mark off EP equal to EK. (viii) Draw a line perpendicular to CD at point P and this line intersects the bisector of FG at point O, thecentre of the circle required. (ix) With O as centre and radius OP, draw the circle. Evaluation Questions 1. Draw a line AB of length 80mm and locate a point Q on it which is 20mm from end B. Draw a circle to touch points P which is at a suitably chosen distance and Q. 2. Draw a circle to pass through points P and B and also touch line AC as shown below. Choose suitable General evaluation/ revisional questions 3. Determine graphically the circumference of a circle, diameter 35mm. 4. Construct a line of approximate length to the given arc shown below. Reading assignment Technical drawing by JN Green. Pages 21, 73-75. Weekend Assignment Objective 1. Which of the following is correct in escribing a circle on a triangle? A. Bisect two internal angles. 2. The radius of the circle drawn in the diagram above is represented by line A. CD. B. OB. C. OQ. D. QD. C. escribed triangle. D. escribed circle. 4. Which of the following is not a procedure for describing a circle round a polygon? A. Bisect two external angles. B. Bisect two sides. C. Draw a line from the determined centre, parallel to one side. D. Draw a line from the determined centre, perpendicular to one side. angled. C. Oblique. D. Isosceles. Theory 1 . A regular hexagon has its sides 50mm long. Draw the hexagon and describe circles about it. 2. Draw a line AB of length 80mm and locate a point Q on it which is 20mm from end B. Draw a circle to touch points P which is at a suitably chosen distance and Q. WEEK THREE DATE:……………… Topic:Polygons and irregular figures (i) Meaning and types of polygon. (ii) Construction of polygons. Meaning and types of polygon Polygons could be defined as plane figures whose interior and exterior angles add up to [(n – 2) x 180]0 and [4 right angles ]0 respectively. ( n is the number of sides of the polygon). Polygons could either be regular or irregular. Regular polygons have equal sides and angles. Examples include equilateral triangle, square, etc. Irregular polygons do not have all the sides and angles equal. An example of irregular polygon is re-entrant polygon which has one of its interior angles greater than 1800. See diagrams below for further illustration. Polygons are named based on the number of sides they have. A polygon with three sides is called triangle, four sides is quadrilateral, pentagon 5, hexagon 6, heptagon 7, octagon 8, nonagon 9 and decagon 10 sides. These could either be regular or irregular. Evaluation Questions 1. Define a polygon. Give examples. 2. With the aid of suitable diagrams, state three types of polygon. Construction of polygons. There are two methods of constructing polygons and these include (i) Exterior angle method. (ii) Circumscribing circle method. In the external angle method, the number of sides, N of the required polygon is used to divide 3600 in order to determine the exterior angle to which that particular polygon is to be drawn. For instance, a regular pentagon with 5 sides will have its sides drawn to an exterior angle of 720 Similarly, a regular hexagon with six sides will have its exterior angle drawn at 600, heptagon 520, octagon 450, nonagon 400 etc. The circumscribing circle method has the polygon enclosed in a circle of known diameter. Method: (i) Divide 3600 by the number of sides N which in this case is 5 to obtain an exterior angle of 720. (ii) Draw a line AB equal to the length of one side of the regular pentagon. (iii)With a protractor at point A, measure in a clockwise direction angle 720. Draw the line AQ and mark off the given length on it to obtain point D. (iv) Repeat same for point B in an anti-clockwise direction to obtain point C. (v) Repeat the same for points C and D to obtain point E. ABCDE is the required pentagon. Method: (i) Draw the given circle that will circumscribe the pentagon. (ii) Bisect the radius to locate point A. (iii)With A as centre and radius AB, swingan arc to cut the horizontal diameter line at point C. (iv)With B as centre and radius BC, swing an arc to cut the circle at point D. (v) Join DB which is the length of one side of the pentagon. (vi)Step- off the length DB round the circle to obtain the remaining sides of the pentagon. Method: (i) Determine the size of the exterior angle by dividing 3600 by 6 (hexagon) which gives 600. (ii) Draw a line AB equal in length to the given side. (iii)Using 600 setsquare or protractor, draw lines AC, BD, CE, DF and EF of equal length with AB to complete the hexagon. Method: (i) Draw a circle of radius equal to the given length of side. (ii) Draw a horizontal diameter AB. (iii)With A and B in turn as centre and radius equal to the radius of the circle, swing arcs C and D and arcs E and F respectively. (iv)Join AC, AD, BE, and BF to complete the hexagon. Method: (i) Determine the size of the exterior angle thus: . (ii) Draw a line AB equal to the length of one side of the regular octagon. (iii) Draw a line from A and B in turn at 450 and mark off the given length of side on each to give points C and D. (iv) Draw a line from C and D in turn perpendicular to AB and mark off the given length of side on each line to give points E and F. (v) Draw a line from E and F in turn at 450 and mark off the given length of side on each line to obtain points G and H. (iv)Join GH to complete the required octagon. Method: (i) Draw a circle of diameter equal to the distance across flats. (ii) Draw centre lines (vertical and horizontal). (iii)Draw horizontal lines on each side of the circle tangent to the circle at the vertical centre line. (iv)Draw vertical lines on each side of the circle tangent to the circle at the horizontal centre line. (v) Complete the octagon by drawing the remaining four lines tangential to the circle and in a way that they intersect the horizontal and vertical lines previously drawn. Method: (i) Draw the circle of diameter equal to the given distance across corners. (ii) Draw the horizontal and vertical diameters respectively AB and CD to obtain the four quadrants. (iii)Bisect each of the quadrants to obtain points 1, 2, 3 and 4 on the circumference of the circle. (iv)Join all the points to complete the octagon. Method: (i) Draw a line AB of any length. (ii) Mark any point C on the line and construct a semi-circle of convenient radius at this point. (iii) Divide the semi-circle by trial method into the same number of equal parts depending on the number of sides of the required polygon. (iv) Radiate lines from point C through point 2, 3 and 4. Note that the first line must always be drawn through the second division. (v) Draw CE and CF equal to the given diagonals. (vi) Bisect CE and CF and their bisectors intersect at point G. (vii)With G ascentre and radius CG, draw a circle which cuts lines CP, CQ, CR, and CB at points H, E, F, and J respectively. Join HE, EF and FJ to complete the regular pentagon. GENERAL METHODS OF CONSTRUCTING POLYGONS Method: (i) Draw the circle using the given distance across corners, (d/c). Divide the horizontal diameter AB intoequal number of sides of the polygon you are required to construct. In this case, divide it into 7 equalparts. (ii) With points A and B in turn as centre and radius AB, draw arcs to intersect at point C. (iii) Draw a line from point C through the second division to touch the circle at point D. (iv) Join AD which represents one side of the heptagon. (v) Step off the length AD round the circumference of the circle to obtain the remaining sides. To construct any polygon when given the length of side. Method: (i) Draw one side AB and extend it to the left. (ii) With A as centre and radius AB, draw a semi-circle and divide it by trial into as many equal parts astherequired polygon has. (iii) Join A-2 which is the second division on the semi-circle. (iv) Draw the bisectors of AB and A-2 and these bisectors intersect at point O. (v) With O as centre and radius equal to OA or OB, draw a circle. (vi) Mark-off the length AB or AD round the circumference of the circle to get points C and D. Join 2C andCD to obtain the required polygon. Method: (i) Draw a line AB equal in length to the given base. (ii) Draw the perpendicular bisector of line AB ie line C-C. (iii)Construct two triangles with base angles of 450 and 600 on line AB. The apices of these triangles marked 4 and 6 are respectively the centers that will circumscribe a regular polygon with four and six sides oflength AB respectively. (iv)Bisect the distance between 4 and 6 to obtain point 5 which is the centre for the circle that will circumscribe a regular polygon with five sides of length AB. (v) Step off the distance between 4 and 5 or 5 and 6 along the bisector C-C to obtain centers for circles thatwill circumscribe a heptagon, octagon, nonagon etc. 1. In the diagram shown above, AD and BD are the two diagonals of a pentagon ABCDE whose sides are BC= 40, CD = 35, DE = 55 and angle DEA = 900. (i) construct the pentagon. (ii) state the length AE of the pentagon. 2. On the same base of length 30mm, construct the following regular polygons; square, pentagon, hexagon, heptagon, octagon, nonagon and decagon. 3. Construct a nonagon when given the distance across corners A/C = 40mm. Use a general method. 4. An irregular hexagon ABCDEF has the following dimensions. AB = 51, BC = 30, CD = 23, DE = 36 EF = 30, AD = 70, AF = 38, < FAB = 1100, < ABC = 880. Use the information above to constructthehexagon. General evaluation/ revisional questions Reading assignment Technical drawing by JN Green. Pages 28-33,38,63. Objective 1. The figure above shows a general method of constructing a regular polygon when given the A. numberof sides. B. diagonal. C. diameter. D. length of sides. 2. Which of the following is required to construct the polygon below? A. Distance across flats. C. regularpolygon. D. circle. 5. Which of the following will be produced by completing the construction below? A. Hexagon. B. Octagon. C. Pentagon. D. Decagon. Theory 1. In the diagram shown below, AD and BD are the two diagonals of a pentagon ABCDE whose (ii) state the length AE of the pentagon. 2. An irregular hexagon ABCDEF has the following dimensions. AB = 51, BC = 30, CD = 23, DE = 36EF = 30, AD = 70, AF = 38, < FAB = 1100, < ABC = 880. Use the information above to construct thehexagon. WEEK FOUR DATE:……………… Topic: Plain scales and their uses (i) Meaning of plane scale. (ii) Construction of plane scales. Meaning of plane scale A scale is used to measure or lay out a line on a drawing in full size, or larger or smaller than full size. The term scale also refers to the ratio of the size of a drawing to the actual object. This ratio or fraction is called the Representative Fraction of a scale. Representative fraction (RF) = distance or size drawn distance or size represented The representative fractions of the most commonly used scales are as follows: 1:1{full size} 1:2{half full size} 1:5{one-fifth full size} 1:10{one-tenth full size} 2:1{twice full size} 5:1{five times full size} The most commonly used scales are plain and diagonalscxles Plain scale: A plain scale has two units of measurement. They are metres and decimetres. Scales such as 1:2, 1:5, and 1:100 can be used direct from a standard scale rule. Other scales, for example, 1:21/2, would need to be constructed Evaluation Questions 2. What is a plain scale? Construction of plain scale. To construct a plain scale of 1: 21/2 to show a maximum of 400mm and a minimum of 10mm. Method: (ii) Draw a line 160mm long and divide it into four (4) equal parts of 40mm units each. (iii) The height of the scale can be any convenient height. (iv) Divide the first part (40mm) into 10 equal parts. (v) Print the scale ratio and number the divisions. Note: the scale is used by taking hundreds to the right of zero and tens to the left. It is best to use dividers to mark sizes from the scale. The values of X and Y are respectively 280mm and 130mm. To construct a scale of 2cm equals 1metre to read up to 6m in decimeter Method: (i) Calculate the total length of the scale rule : If every 2cm on the scale rule is equivalent to 1m, therefore a scale rule that could read up to 6m will have a total length equal to (2 x 6) cm i.e. 12cm or 120mm.( 2/100 x 600) = 12cm = 120mm. (ii) Draw a line 120mm long and divide it into 6 equal parts of 20mm units each. (iii) The height of the scale rule could be any convenient length (iv) Divide the first unit into 10 equal parts. To construct a scale of 3cm Equals 1dm (10cm) to read up to 4dm in centimeters. Method: Every 3cm drawn is equal to 1dm (10cm) of the actual object. Therefore, scale ratio = 3 : 10 or 1 : 31/3 (i) Calculate the total length of the scale rule : If every 3cm on the scale rule is equivalent to 1dm, or 120mm.( 3/10 x 40 ) = 12cm = 120mm (ii) Draw a line 120mm long and divide it into 4 equal parts of 30mm units each. (iii)The height of the scale rule could be any convenient length (iv)Divide the first unit into 10 equal parts. To construct a scale of 11/2 times full size to read up to 8cm in millimeters Method: Scale ratio = 11/2 x 1 (full size = 1:1) (i) Draw a line of length equal to (11/2x 8) cm i.e 12cm or 120mm and divide it into 8 equal parts. (ii) The height of the scale rule could be any convenient length. (iii) Divide the first unit into 10 equal parts. To construct a scale of 1/3 to read up to 4dm in centimeters. Method: 1/3 in this case, means to divide 1dm into three equal parts. (i) Draw a line 1dm long and divide it into 3 equal parts, each of which will represent 1dm on the scale. (ii) Step off one of these parts to give the required 4dm (iii) The height of the scale rule could be any convenient length. (iv) Divide the first unit into 10 equal parts. General valuation/revision Questions 1. Define representative fraction. 2. Construct a scale of 4cm equals 2dm to read up to 5dm in centimeters. 3. Construct a scale of 21/2 times full size to read up to 6cm in millimeters 4. Construct a scale of 1/4 to read up to 7dm in centimeters. 5. The length of a piece of land is 6.50km. If the land is measured on a scale of 1:500, what will be the reading in mm on the scale rule? 6. Construct a scale of 20cm equals 1m to read up to 6m in millimeters. Use the scale Reading assignment Technical drawing for school certificate and G.C.E by J.N Green Page 36-37 Objective 1. What are the readings on the following scale rule marked X and Z ?A. 87 mm and 390 mm B. 86 mm and 380mm C. 85 mm and 370 mm.D. 68mm and 290mm. 2. What is the length of a line 3m long on a scale of 1:50. A. 25mm B. 60mm C. 45mm. D. 52mm. 3. How many units of measurement has a plain scale? A. 3 B. 2 C. 5 D. 4 4. The rulers in your mathematical set were constructed to measure to a scale ratio of A. 1:2 B. 1: 1 C. 2:3 D. 1:5 Theory 1. Draw the diagram below to a scale of 1:2. are 2100mm and 300mm sizes. Find the scale of the drawing and measure the other sizes; A, B, C, D and E. (Hints: R.F = drawn/ actual size) WEEK FIVE DATE:……………… Topic: Diagonal and chordal scale and their uses. Content: (i) Meaning and construction of diagonal scales. (ii) Scale of chords and its construction. Meaning and construction of diagonal scales. Diagonal scale: Diagonal scales unlike plain scale can measure to a fine degree of accuracy with three units of measurement; centimeters, millimeters and tenths of a millimeter. This is the singular advantage of diagonal scale over plain scale. Construction of diagonal scale To construct a diagonal scale of centimeters to read up to 7cm in millimeters and tenths of a millimeter. Method: (i) Draw a line 7cm long and divide it into 7 equal parts. (ii) Divide the first part into 10 equal units (iii) Draw the height AC of the scale rule to any convenient length and divide it into 10 equal parts. Transfer same10 division to the first part AD (iv) Project horizontal lines from each of these 10 divisions on the height AC. (v) Project vertical lines from each of the division on line AB. Draw diagonal lines in between the 10 vertical lines of the first part as shown above. Note: Diagonal scale is read from the highest unit to the smallest. The value of S is 4.66cm or 46.6mm (4cm + 6mm + 6/10mm => 40mm + 6mm + 0.6mm) Method: (ii)Follow the same procedure as above. The value of X is 2.49cm or 24.9mm. To construct a diagonal scale of 3centimetres equal to 1metre and to read up to 4metres in decimeters and centimeters. (i) Draw a line 12cm long i.e. (3×4) cm and divide it into 4 equal parts. (ii) Same procedure as above. The value of S is 1.93m or 19.3dm or 193cm. To construct a diagonal scale of 1/4 full size to read up to 5dm in centimeters and millimeters Method: (i) Draw a line of length equal to 125mm i.e. (1/4x 5)dm => 1.25dm or 12.5cm or 125mm. (ii) Same procedure as above. The value of Z is 3.93dm or 39.3cm or 393mm. Evaluation Questions 2. Construct a diagonal scale of 2/5 full size to read up to 3 dm in centimeters and millimeters. 3. What is the difference between the values of k and n in the figure shown below? The chordal scale: The chordal scale is used to construct angles that cannot easily be constructed using a ruler and a pair of compasses .For instance, to construct angles which are multiples of 50, a scale of chords showing a distance of 50 is constructed. Construction of the scale of chords Method: (i) Draw a quadrant ABC of any radius and divide the arc AC into 18 equal parts i.e. 50x18 = 900 which is the angle in a quadrant. (ii) Extend the base line AB of the quadrant to the right. (iii) With 000 as centre and radius equal to each of the 18 divisions in turn, draw arcs to touch the base line AB of the quadrant and its extension. This scale is used to construct the required angle. Example 1 Construct angle 250 using scale of chords. (i) Draw a line PM of any convenient length. (ii) With P as centre and radius R of length equal to the radius of the quadrant (00-600), draw an arc to cut line PM at Q. (iii) With Q as centre and radius r of length equal to the required angle (00-250) measured from the constructed scale, draw an arc to cut the previous one at S. (iv) Draw a line from P through S. can be used to construct angles other than the ones done with a pair of compasses eg 240, 370 etc. General evaluation/ revision questions 1. Construct a scale of 4cm equals 2dm to read up to 5dm in centimeters. 2. Construct angle 400 using the scale of chords. 3. Construct angle 270 using the scale of chords. 4. Construct the following angles (i) 150 (ii) 750 (iii) 1050(iv) 1200 (v) 1500 Reading assignment Technical drawing for school certificate and G.C.E by J.N Green Page 11-13. Weekend Assignment Objective 1. Which of the following scale can be used to construct angle 270 ? A. Plain scale B. Scale of chord C. Diagonal scale. D. Linear scale. 2. Which of the following scale has the highest degree of accuracy? A. Plain scale B. Diagonal scale C. chordal scale. D. Enlargement scale. 3. Which of the following scale has three units of measurement? A. Chordalscale B. diagonal scale C. Reduction scale. D. Plain scale. 4. Centimeters, millimeters and tenths of a millimeter are units of measurement for A. diagonal scale B. plain scale C. chordal scale. D. enlargement scale. 5. Which of the following is a reduction scale? A. 3 : 4 B. 5 : 4 C. 2 : 1 D. 3 : 2 Theory 1.Construct angle 500 using the scale of chords. 2. Construct a diagonal scale of 2/5 full size to read up to 3 dm in centimetres andmillimetres. WEEK SIX AND SEVEN DATE:……………… Topic: Reduction of plain figures Content: Reduction of similar figures 3:5 Method: (i) Draw the given rectangle ABCD. (ii) Mark a point P at a convenient distance to the drawn rectangle. (iii) Radiate lines from point P to the four corners of rectangle ABCD. (iv) Since we are to draw a reduced figure, it means that from the given proportion (3:5), the actual size is 5 while the reduced size is 3. Therefore, divide line PA into 5 equal parts. (v) At the third (3) part, draw a line A1D1 parallel to AD. (vi) Repeat same for the remaining sides to obtain the required reduced rectangle A1B1C1D1. Example 2: Draw a polygon AB1C1D1E1 similar to another polygon ABCDE reduced in the proportion 4:5 Method: (i) Construct the given polygon ABCDE using the data provided. (ii) Radiate lines from point A through B, C, D, and E respectively. (iii)Divide line AB into 5 equal parts. (iv)From the fourth division, draw lines B1C1, C1D1 and D1E1 parallel to BC, CD and DE respectively to complete the required reduced polygon. Example 3: Draw a similar polygon of ratio 3:5 in area to a given polygon. Note that 3:5 is a reduction scale. (i) Draw the given polygon ABCDE. (ii) Radiate lines from point B to points D and E. (iii) Extend line AB from point B. (iv) Mark off on this line 5 equal unit of any convenient length. (v) Draw semicircles on lines A-5 and A-3. (vi) Erect a perpendicular at point B and this cut the two previously drawn semicircles at 31 and 51 respectively. Join 51 to A since 5 is the actual size. (vii) Draw a line from 31 parallel to line 51-A to meet line AB at A1. (viii)From A1, draw a line A1E1 parallel to AE and repeat same to get the remaining sides E1D1 and D1C1. This completes the polygon. Evaluation questions Enlargement of similar figures The method of enlarging similar figures is the same as that of reducing them. But it should be clearly understood that while reduction reduces the size of the original object, enlargement increases it. e.g2: 5 is a reduction scale while 5: 2 is an enlargement scale Example 1: Draw a similar polygon of ratio 5:3 in area to a given polygon. Note that 5:3 is an enlargement scale. Method: (i) Draw the given polygon ABCDE. (ii) Radiate lines from point B through points D and E. (iii) Extend line AB to both sides. (iv) Mark off on AB extended 5 equal unit of any convenient length. (v) Draw semicircles on lines A-5 and A-3. (vi) Erect a perpendicular at point B and this cut the two previously drawn semicircles at 31 and 51 respectively. Join 31 to A since 3 is the actual size. (vii) Draw a line from 51 parallel to line 31-A to meet line BA extended at A1. (viii)From A1, draw a line A1E1 parallel to AE and repeat same to get the remaining sides E1D1 and Example 2: To draw an enlarged figure similar to a given figure. Method: (i) Draw the given figure of height AB. (ii) Extend its base line in both directions and indicate the pole T on it at a convenient distance from the given figure. (iii) Radiate lines from point T through all the visible edges of the figure which are traced perpendicularly to side AB. (vi) The radiated line through points A and B forms the range to which the height A1B1 of the required enlargement is drawn. (v) With A as centre and radius equal to the distance between A and each vertical projection of the visible edges on the base line, draw arcs to locate points on BA produced. (vi) Radiate lines from T through each point on BA produced and these lines meet B1A1 produced at points whichwill help to locate their respective points on the enlarged figure. (vii)With A1 as centre and radius equal to each point on B1A1 produced, draw arcs to touch the base line. (viii)Project these lines upwards to locate points on the enlarged figure. Evaluation questions General evaluation/ revision questions 1. Construct a pentagon ABCDE whose sides are AB = 40, BC = 35, CD = 65, AE = 45, ED = 55, < ABC = 1200 and< BAE = 1050. Draw a similar pentagon of ratio 3:5 in area to the one constructed. 2. On the same base of length 30mm, construct the following regular polygons; square, pentagon, hexagon, heptagon, octagon, nonagon and decagon. 3. Construct a nonagon when given the distance across corners A/C = 40mm.Draw a similar nonagon of ratio 5:4 in areato the constructed one. 4. An irregular hexagon ABCDEF has the following dimensions. AB = 51, BC = 30, CD = 23, DE = 36 EF = 30, AD = 70, AF = 38, < FAB = 1100, < ABC = 880. Use the information above to construct the 5. The figure above shows an irregular pentagon. Construct (i) the pentagon. (ii) a similar pentagon reduced in area in the ratio 5:7 Reading assignment Technical drawing by JN Green. Pages 28-33,38,63,76-79. Weekend Assignment Objectives B. Pentagon.C. Hexagon. D. Heptagon. 2. Which of the labeled quadrilaterals in the diagram above have their sides in ratio 1:4?A. P and Q. B. Q and R.C. P and S.D. R and T. A. 10 : 4 : 3 B. 10 : 6 : 3 C. !0 : 2 : 3 D. 10 : 3 : 4 B. 5:7 C. 5:2 D. 4:7 Theory BC= 40, CD = 35, DE = 55 and angle DEA = 900. (i) construct the pentagon. (ii) state the length AE of the pentagon. 2. An irregular pentagon ABCDE has the following dimensions. AB = 51, BC = 30, CD = 23, DE = 36 EA = 38, < EAB = 1100, < ABC = 880. (a) Use the information above to construct the pentagon. (b) Construct a similar figure A1B1C1D1E1 which has an area of ratio 5:3 to ABCDE. WEEK EIGHT-NINE: DATE:……………… Topic: Equal area of planefigures Method: 1800. Method: (i) Construct the polygon ABCDE using the given data. (ii) Extend the base line AB. (iii) Join DA and DB. (iv) Since angle E is opposite to line DA, draw a line from point E parallel to line DA to meet line AB atpoint F. Similarly, from point C draw a line parallel to DB and this meets AB produced at point G. (v) Join DF and DG. (vi) Therefore, FGD is the required triangle. Method: Method: Method: Method: Method: Method: Method: Example 10: To draw a rectangle equal in area to a given triangle. Method: meet AB at point D. meet the parallel line through E at points F and G respectively. Method: drawn parallel to one side. Method: (i) Construct the given triangle ABC. (ii) Construct a semicircle on side AC. (iii) Divide AC into 4 equal parts to produce four (4) equal areas. Three or two parts will produce 3 or 2 equalareas respectively. (iv) Draw perpendiculars to AC from these 4 divisions and these cuts the semicircle at points F,E and D. (v) With C as centre and radius CD, CE and CF in turn, swing arcs to touch AC respectively D1, E1 and F1. (vi) Draw lines from these points on AC parallel to line AB. Method: Division of a triangle into two equal areas by a line drawn from a given point on one side. on one of its sides. Method: Method: Method: Method: Method: Evaluation questions 1. An irregular polygon is shown in the figure below. AB = 70 BC = 40 DE = 75 AE = 80 (a) Construct (i) the pentagon; (ii) a square equal in area to the given pentagon. (b) Draw and state the length of a diagonal of the square in (a)(ii) above. CD =35, DE = 55 and < DEA =900. (a) construct the pentagon (b) state the length of side AE of the pentagon. (c) reduce the pentagon in (i) above to a triangle of equal area 3. Construct a triangle ABC of sides AB = 50mm, AC = 60mm and BC = 55mm. Construct a parallelogram equal in area with the triangle. 4. Construct a square equal in area to a rectangle whose length and breadth are respectively 60mm and 35mm. 5. Three equilateral triangles have their sides 40mm, 55mm and 65mm respectively. Construct another trianglewhose area is equal to the sum of the areas of these triangles. State the length of its sides. Reading assignment Technical drawing by JN Green. Pages 80-92. Weekend Assignment 1. In the figure above, the area of rectangle JKLM is equal to A. half the area of semi-circle JFE. B. the area of square KFGH. C. half the area of square KFGH. D. the area of semi-circle JFE. 2. What is the ratio of the areas of rectangle RSTU and square TVWX? A. 1:1 B. 1:2 C. 1:3 D. 1:4. 3. What is the value of angle < SXY? A. 450. B. 600. C. 750. D. 900. A. VTM and TUM. B. TOM and MZU. C. MUT and VST. D. MOU and MVU. 5. Which of the following is equal in area to the polygon BCDEG shown below. A. CDG. B. CDGB. Theory AB = 70 BC = 40 DE = 75 AE = 80 (a) Construct (i) the pentagon; (ii) a square equal in area to the given pentagon. (b) Draw and state the length of a diagonal of the square in (a)(ii) above. CD =35, DE = 55 and < DEA =900. (a) construct the pentagon (b) state the length of side AE of the pentagon. (c) reduce the pentagon in (i) above to a triangle of equal area WEEK TEN DATE:……………… Topic: Tangency involving circles, arcs and lines. Content: (i) Principles of tangency. Principles of tangency. (i) To join an arc to a straight line or two straight lines inclined at different angles. (ii) To join two arcs together externally. (iii) To join two arcs together internally. 1(a) To join an arc of known radius R to a straight line AB. Method: (i) Draw the straight line AB. (ii) Draw another straight line A1B1 parallel to line AB but at a distance R apart. (iii) With compass pin at any given point on A1B1ie point C and radius R, draw an arc to touch line AB. 1(b) To join an arc of known radius R to two straight lines inclined at right angle. Method: (i) Draw lines respectively at distance R parallel to the two given straight lines. (ii) The point of intersection Q of these parallel lines in (i) marks the centre of the arc that would be tangential to the two lines. (iii) With Q as centre and radius R, draw an arc to just touch the two lines at their tangent points T. Note :The procedures for drawing figures 1(c) and 1(d) are the same as figure 1(b) except that the two straight lines are inclined at acute and obtuse angles respectively. Fig. 2 2(a) To join two arcs of known radius externally. Example: Given two arcs of radius r and R to be joined externally.[ R + r ] Method: (i) Draw the arc or circle of radius R. (ii) With the same centre, draw another arc P-P of radius R + r where r is the radius of the arc or circle meant to have an external touch with the given circle or arc. (iii) With the compass pin at any point on arc P-P and radius r, draw an arc to just touch the arc or circle of radius R at point T. 2(b) To draw an arc of radius R1 to touch two circles externally. Method: (i) Draw the two given circle A of radius R and circle B of radius r. (ii) Join their centers ie P-Q. (iii) With P as centre and radius R1+ R (where R1 is the radius of the arc meant to make an external contactwith the two circles), draw an arc. (iv) Also with Q as centre and radius R1+ R, draw another arc to intersect the former one at point O. (v) Draw straight lines from point O to centers P and Q which cut both circles at their respective tangentPointsT. (vi) With O as center and radius OT, draw an arc to just touch circles A and B. To join two arcs together internally. Fig. 3 3(a) To join two arcs of known radius internally. Method: (i) Draw the arc or circle of radius R. (ii) Draw another arc P-P of radius [R – r] where r is the radius of the arc that is meant to touch the other one internally. (iii) With the compass pin at any point on arc P-P and radius r, draw an arc to just touch the arc or circle ofradius R at point T internally. 3(b) To draw an arc of radius R1 to touch two circles internally. Method: (i) Draw the two given circles A of radius R and B of radius r. (ii) Join their centresie S-V. (iii) With S as centre and radius R1– R (where R1 is the radius of the arc that is meant to make internal contact), draw an arc. (iv) Also with V as centre and radius R1 – r, draw another arc to intersect the former one at point U. (v) Draw straight lines from point U through centers S and V to the tangent points T. (vi) With U as centre and radius UT, draw an arc to just touch circles A and B at their respective tangentpoints. Method: (i) Draw an arc parallel to arc AB and of radius equal to the radius of arc AB + R2. (ii) Draw a line FG parallel to line CD at a distance equal to radius R2 to intersect the previous arc at G. (iii) This point of intersection marks the centre of the arc of radius R2 that will connect the given arc AB and straight line CD. Method: (i) Draw the two given circles. (ii) Draw a line through the centers of the two circles. (iii)Bisect the horizontal diameters AB of the two circles. (iv)These bisectors which are respectively P and Q cuts each circle at points E and F. (v) Draw a line through E and F. This is the required tangent. To draw a common external tangent to two circle of unequal diameters. Method: (i) Draw the two given circles. (ii) Join the centers of the circles ie join A to B. (iii) With O as centre and radius CB, mark off point E on line AB. (iv) With A as centre and radius AE, draw a circle. (v) Construct a semi-circle on AB and this cuts the previous circle at point F. (vi) Draw a line from A through F and cutting the circumference of the larger circle at G. (vii) Draw BH parallel to AG. (viii)Draw a line through G and H. This is the required tangent. Method: (i) Draw the two given circles. (ii) Join the centers A and B of the two circles. (iii)Bisect AB to get point C. (iv)Construct a semi-circle on AC and this cuts the circle of centre A at point D. (v) With C as centre and radius CD, draw an arc to cut the second circle at point E. (vi)Draw a line through D and E. This is the required tangent. Method: (i) Draw the two given circles. (ii) Join the centers of the circles A and B. (iii)With D as centre and radius CB, mark the point E on AB. (iv)With A as centre and radius AE, draw an arc. (v) Construct a semi-circle on AB to cut the previous arc at F. General evaluation/revision questions 1. (a) Construct full size, the template shown below, showing clearly the (i) centres of the arcs; (b) Two circles P and Q, diameters 50 and 40 respectively, touch each other tangentially. Draw: (i) the circles; (ii) an arc R150, to include circles P and Q tangentially at the upper part; (iii)an arc, radius 20, to exclude circles P and Q tangentially at the lower point. 2. Construct full size, the spanner shown below, showing clearly the (i) centres of the arcs; (ii) points (ii) points of tangency. of tangency. Reading assignment Technical drawing by J.N Green,Pages 58 and 59 Weekend Assignment Objective 2. Which of the following equations is correct about the figure below? A. Rc+ Rx = Rz 62C. 130 and 124 D. 57 and 55. 4. What type of tangency does the given arc of radius 80 in question 3 above make with the two circles? 5. The figure shown above is the construction of a common A. external tangent. B. internal tangent. C. bisector. D. normal. Theory 1. Construct full size, the template shown below, showing clearly the (i) centres of the arcs; of tangency. Further evaluation questions
Example 1To draw a circle to pass through a given point and touch a line at a given point
positions for points P and B and line AC.
Choose any convenient point S and draw a tangent to the circle shown below.
B. Bisect two sides of the triangle. C. Bisect two external angles. D. Bisect three sides of the triangle.
3. The figure below shows the construction of a/an A. circumscribed circle. B. circumscribed triangle.
5.AB is the diameter of the circle shown below. What type of triangle is ABC? A. Scalene. B. Right
Content:
To construct a regular pentagon using the exterior angle method.
To construct a regular pentagon using the circumscribing circle method.
To construct a regular hexagon using the exterior angle method when given the length of one side.
To construct a regular hexagon when given the distance across corners using circumscribing circle method.
To construct a regular octagon when given the length of side using the exterior angle method.
To construct a regular octagon using the circumscribing circle method when given the distance across flats.
To construct a regular octagon by bisecting the four quadrants when given distance across corners.
To construct any polygon when given the diagonals e.g a regular pentagon.
To construct a regular heptagon when given the distance across corners.
To construct a number of polygons on a given base.(two– triangle method)
Evaluation Questions
Weekend Assignment
B. Distance across corners. C. Internal angle. D. Length of one side.
3. The figure below shows the beginning of the construction of a/an A. cylinder. B. triangle.
4. Which of the following polygons shown below is refered to as re-entrant polygon?
sides are BC= 40, CD = 35, DE = 55 and angle DEA = 900. (i) construct the pentagon.
Content:
1. Define representative fraction.
(i) Workout the total or maximum length of the scale. 1: 21/2 x 400mm = 160mm
Every 2cm drawn is equal to 1m (100cm) of the actual object. Therefore scale ratio = 2 : 100 or 1 : 50
therefore a scale rule that could read up to 4dm will have a total length equal to (3 x 4) cm i.e. 12cm
to draw the figure shown below.
Weekend Assignment
5. Which of the following is not an enlargement scale? A. 5: 3 B 3: 4 C. 2:1 D. 3:2.
2. The only measurements available on the drawing of an ornamental gate shown below
To construct a diagonal scale of twice full size to read up to 6centimetre in millimeters and tenth of a millimeter.
(i) Draw a line 12cm long i.e. (2×6)cm and divide it into 6 equal parts.
Method:
1. What is diagonal scale?
To draw a scale of chords to show distances of 50
(iv) Construct the scale which could be of any convenient height below the quadrant.
Example 1: Draw a rectangle A1B1C1D1 similar to another rectangle ABCD reduced in the proportion
Method:
D1C1.This completes the polygon.
hexagon. Draw a similar hexagon of ratio 3:5 in area to the one constructed.
1. What type of polygon could be constructed with K as the centre in the figure above? A. Square.
3. The figure below shows three irregular hexagons J, K and M. What is the ratio of their sides?
4. In the method of enlargement shown below, point O is taken at A. 10mm from point P.B. 20mm from point Q. C. a distance equal to the length of PQL. D. any convenient distance from L.
5. In the diagram below, the ratio of the sides of rectangle ABCD to the sides of rectangle A1B1C1D1 is A. 7:5
1. In the diagram shown below, AD and BD are the two diagonals of a pentagon ABCDE whose sides are
Content:
Example1: To construct a triangle equal in area to a given polygon with interior angle less than 1800
Example 2 To construct a triangle equal in area to a given polygon with an interior angle greater than
Example 3 To draw a triangle equal in area to a given regular polygon.
Example 4 To construct a triangle equal in area to a given parallelogram.
Example 5: To draw a parallelogram equal in area to a given triangle.
Example 6: To construct a triangle equal in area to a given triangle, but having a different base.
Example7: To construct a triangle when given the area.e.g let the given area be 41/2cm.
Example 8: To draw a rectangle of different side but equal in area to a given rectangle.
Example 9: To draw a square equal in area to a given rectangle.
Example 11: To draw a square equal in area to a given parallelogram.
Example 12: To divide any triangle in a given number of equal areas eg four (4) by lines
Example 13: To divide any triangle into two equal areas by a line perpendicular to one side.
Example14: To divide any triangle into two equal areas by a line drawn from a given point
Example 15: To draw a circle equal in area to the sum of two given circles.
Example 16: To draw a square equal in area to the sum of two given squares
Example 17: To draw a square equal in area to the difference of two given squares.
Example 18: To draw a square having Twice the area of a given square.
2. In the figure below, AD and BD are the diagonals of a pentagon ABCDEwhose sides are BC = 40,
Objective
Use the figure below to answer questions 2 and 3.
4. Which two triangles have the same area in the figure below?
C. ABGEF.D. AGF.
1. An irregular polygon is shown in the figure below.
2. In the figure below, AD and BD are the diagonals of a pentagon ABCDEwhose sides are BC = 40,
To join an arc R2 externally with another arc AB and a straight line CD.
To draw a common external tangent to two circles of equal diameters.
To draw a common internal tangent to two equal circles.
To draw a common internal tangent to two unequal circles.
(ii) points of tangency.
of tangency.
3. Construct half full size, the machine part shown below, showing clearly the (i) centres of the arcs;
4. Construct full size, the template shown below, showing clearly the (i) centers of the arcs; (ii) points
1. Line X-X in the figure below is a common A. bisector. B. normal. C. external tangent. D. internal tangent.
B. Rp + Ry = RzC. Rp + Ry = RcD. Rz– Ry= Rc
3. What are the lengths of PO and QO respectively in the diagram below? A. 105 and 102 B. 65 and
A. External. B. Internal. C. Vertical. D. Horizontal.
(ii) points of tangency.
2. Construct full size, the spanner shown below, showing clearly the (i) centres of the arcs; (ii) points
Draw full size, each of the tangency problems shown below, showing centres and points of tangency.
